Livestock producers are encouraged to reduce the use of antibiotics belonging to classes of medical importance to humans. We conducted a scoping review on non-antibiotic interventions in the form of products or management practices that could potentially reduce the need for antibiotics in beef and veal animals living under intensive production conditions. Our objectives were to systematically describe the research on this broad topic, identify specific topics that could feasibly support systematic reviews, and identify knowledge gaps. Multiple databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened and charted the data. From the 13,598 articles screened, 722 relevant articles were charted. The number of relevant articles increased steadily from 1990. The Western European research was dominated by veal production studies whereas the North American research was dominated by beef production studies. The interventions and outcomes measured were diverse. The four most frequent interventions included non-antibiotic feed additives, vaccinations, breed type, and feed type. The four most frequent outcomes were indices of immunity, non-specific morbidity, respiratory disease, and mortality. There were seven topic areas evaluated in clinical trials that may share enough commonality to support systemic reviews. There was a dearth of studies in which interventions were compared to antibiotic comparison groups.

中文翻译：

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牛肉和小牛肉生产中疾病预防和控制的非抗生素方法：范围审查

鼓励畜牧生产者减少对人类具有医学重要性的抗生素的使用。我们对产品或管理实践形式的非抗生素干预措施进行了范围审查，这些干预措施可能会减少生活在集约化生产条件下的牛肉和小牛肉动物对抗生素的需求。我们的目标是系统地描述关于这一广泛主题的研究，确定可以切实支持系统评价的特定主题，并确定知识差距。搜索了多个数据库。两名审查员独立筛选和绘制数据。从筛选的 13,598 篇文章中，有 722 篇相关文章被绘制出来。相关文章的数量从 1990 年开始稳步增长。西欧研究以小牛肉生产研究为主，而北美研究以牛肉生产研究为主。测量的干预措施和结果是多种多样的。四种最常见的干预措施包括非抗生素饲料添加剂、疫苗接种、品种类型和饲料类型。四个最常见的结果是免疫指数、非特异性发病率、呼吸道疾病和死亡率。在临床试验中评估的七个主题领域可能具有足够的共性以支持系统评价。缺乏将干预措施与抗生素对照组进行比较的研究。品种类型和饲料类型。四个最常见的结果是免疫指数、非特异性发病率、呼吸道疾病和死亡率。在临床试验中评估的七个主题领域可能具有足够的共性以支持系统评价。缺乏将干预措施与抗生素对照组进行比较的研究。品种类型和饲料类型。四个最常见的结果是免疫指数、非特异性发病率、呼吸道疾病和死亡率。在临床试验中评估的七个主题领域可能具有足够的共性以支持系统评价。缺乏将干预措施与抗生素对照组进行比较的研究。