Tumour suppressor protein, p53, plays a role in modulating innate immune responses, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. Maternal nitrogen oxide (NOx) air pollution exposure, body mass index (BMI), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and p53 Pro72Arg (rs1042522) affect foetal growth. We investigated whether the aforementioned factors influence birth outcomes in a South African population. Pregnant women (n = 300; HIV −ve = 194 and HIV +ve = 106) were genotyped for the p53 rs1042522 using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP), and further stratified based on HIV status, infants' birthweight (BW; NBW: normal BW [>2,500 g] and LBW: low BW [<2,500 g]) and gestational age (GA; NGA: normal GA [>37 weeks] and PTB: preterm birth [≤37 weeks]). A land use regression model was developed to characterize maternal NOx exposure. Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression analysis statistical tests were used to determine the effect of rs1042522 genotyped pregnant women's BMI and NOx exposure on maternal blood pressure and haemoglobin and iron levels, and infants' anthropometric measurements and Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity and Respiration (APGAR) scores. The prevalence of LBW and PTB was 14.7% and 18.7%, respectively. The LBW group had a higher frequency of the variant Arg‐allele versus NBW group (47.7% vs. 31.4%, p = .0046, OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.26–3.17). No association was observed between NGA and PTB groups. A significant association between BMI and systolic blood pressure (r = .50, p = .00; B = 0.76, p = .002) and birth length (r = −.28, p = .01; B = −0.107, p = .011), and NOx and birth length (r = −.26, p = .08; B = −0.191, p = .046) and birthweight (B = −8.87, p = .048) was observed in HIV‐infected mothers with the variant Pro/Arg + Arg/Arg genotypes. Mothers from the LBW group with the variant genotypes displayed an association between NOx and diastolic blood pressure (r = .58, p = .04), blood iron levels (r = −.60, p = .04; B = −0.204, p = .004), APGAR scores at 1 min (r = −.86, p = .00; B = −0.101, p = .003) and 5 min (r = −.75, p = .01) and birth length (r = −.61, p = .04), and BMI and diastolic blood pressure (r = .72, p = .01). In the PTB group, maternal variant genotypes and NOx were associated with blood haemoglobin levels (B = −0.132, p = .045) and APGAR scores at 1 min (B = −0.161, p = .045) and 5 min (B = −0.147, p = .043). Maternal rs1042522 Arg‐allele, HIV infection, BMI and NOx exposure collectively play a role in lowering blood iron levels, gestational hypertension and LBW outcomes.

中文翻译：

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母体 HIV 感染、BMI 和 NOx 空气污染暴露对 p53 Pro72Arg 基因分型的南非孕妇出生结果的影响 (rs1042522)

肿瘤抑制蛋白 p53 在调节先天免疫反应、DNA 修复、细胞周期停滞、衰老和细胞凋亡中发挥作用。母体氮氧化物 (NOx) 空气污染暴露、体重指数 (BMI)、人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染和 p53 Pro72Arg (rs1042522) 会影响胎儿生长。我们调查了上述因素是否影响南非人口的出生结果。使用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR-RFLP) 对孕妇（n = 300；HIV -ve = 194 和 HIV +ve = 106）进行 p53 rs1042522 基因分型，并根据 HIV 状态、婴儿的出生体重（BW；NBW：正常 BW [>2,500 g] 和 LBW：低 BW [<2,500 g]）和胎龄（GA；NGA：正常 GA [>37 周]和 PTB：早产 [≤37 周]） . 开发了土地利用回归模型来表征母体 NOx 暴露。使用 Pearson 相关性和多元回归分析统计检验来确定 rs1042522 基因型孕妇的 BMI 和 NOx 暴露对母亲血压和血红蛋白和铁水平的影响，以及婴儿的人体测量和外观脉搏鬼脸活动和呼吸 (APGAR) 评分。LBW 和 PTB 的患病率分别为 14.7% 和 18.7%。与 NBW 组相比，LBW 组变异 Arg 等位基因的频率更高（47.7% 对 31.4%，p = .0046，OR = 2.0，95% CI = 1.26-3.17）。在 NGA 和 PTB 组之间没有观察到关联。BMI 与收缩压（r = .50，p = .00；B = 0.76，p = .002）和出生身长（r = -.28，p = .01；B = -0.107，p = . 011)，在感染 HIV 的母亲中观察到 NOx 和出生身长（r = -.26，p = .08；B = -0.191，p = .046）和出生体重（B = -8.87，p = .048）具有变体 Pro/Arg + Arg/Arg 基因型。来自具有变异基因型的 LBW 组的母亲显示 NOx 与舒张压（r = .58，p = .04）、血铁水平（r = -.60，p = .04；B = -0.204， p = .004），APGAR 评分在 1 分钟（r = -.86，p = .00；B = -0.101，p = .003）和 5 分钟（r = -.75，p = .01）和出生长度（r = -.61，p = .04），以及 BMI 和舒张压（r = .72，p = .01）。在 PTB 组中，母体变异基因型和 NOx 与血液血红蛋白水平（B = -0.132，p = .045）和 1 分钟（B = -0.161，p = .045）和 5 分钟（B = -0.147，p = .043）。母体 rs1042522 Arg 等位基因，HIV 感染，