Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.

中文翻译：

---

细胞内寄生虫对细胞的侵袭 - 感染的多种途径。

弓形体、疟原虫、锥虫、利什曼原虫和微孢子虫属的细胞内寄生虫分别是弓形虫病、疟疾、南美锥虫病、利什曼病和微孢子虫病的病原体，这些疾病导致全球数百万人死亡。穿过宿主细胞质膜 (PM) 是这些寄生虫必须克服的障碍，才能在细胞内建立自己并导致疾病。细胞侵袭的机制非常多样，包括 (1) 形成移动连接，将寄生虫驱入宿主细胞，如原生动物弓形虫和疟原虫属，(2) 颠覆宿主细胞用于修复 PM 的内吞途径，至于克氏锥虫和利什曼原虫，(3) 诱导利什曼原虫的吞噬作用或 (4) 由特殊结构诱导的寄生虫的内吞作用，例如存在于微孢子虫物种中的极管。了解细胞进入的早期步骤对于开发预防或治疗这些疾病的疫苗和药物至关重要，因此已经进行了大量研究以揭示其潜在的生物学机制。本综述将重点关注这些机制和所涉及的因素，重点是最近对这些病原体入侵的细胞生物学的见解。因此，已经进行了大量的研究工作来揭示其潜在的生物学机制。本综述将重点关注这些机制和所涉及的因素，重点是最近对这些病原体入侵的细胞生物学的见解。因此，已经进行了大量的研究工作来揭示其潜在的生物学机制。本综述将重点关注这些机制和所涉及的因素，重点是最近对这些病原体入侵的细胞生物学的见解。