Executive function (EF) skills are neurocognitive skills that support the reflective, top-down coordination and control of other brain functions, and there is neural and behavioral evidence for a continuum from more "cool" EF skills activated in emotionally neutral contexts to more "hot" EF skills needed for the reversal of motivationally significant tendencies. Difficulties in EF are transdiagnostic indicators of atypical development. A neurodevelopmental model traces the pathway from adverse childhood experiences and stress to disruption of the development of neural systems supporting reflection and EF skills to an increased risk for general features of psychopathology. Research indicates that EF skills can be cultivated through scaffolded training and are a promising target for therapeutic and preventive intervention. Intervention efficacy can be enhanced by mitigating disruptive bottom-up influences such as stress, training both hot and cool EF skills, and adding a reflective, metacognitive component to promote far transfer of trained skills.

中文翻译：

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执行功能和精神病理学：神经发育的观点。

执行功能 (EF) 技能是神经认知技能，支持对其他大脑功能的反思、自上而下的协调和控制，并且有神经和行为证据表明，从在情绪中立的环境中激活的更“酷”的 EF 技能到更多”热” EF 技能需要逆转具有重要动机的倾向。EF 的困难是非典型发育的跨诊断指标。神经发育模型追踪了从不良童年经历和压力到支持反思和 EF 技能的神经系统发育中断再到精神病理学一般特征风险增加的途径。研究表明，EF 技能可以通过支架式培训来培养，并且是治疗和预防干预的有希望的目标。