Bacteria, yeast, and microalgae are sources of biomolecules such as enzymes, lipids, pigments, organic acids and, proteins for industrial application. These high-added-value biomolecules are often intracellularly bioaccumulated, and their recovery involves several downstream processes, in which the most crucial stage is the disruption of the cell wall. The choice of the method influences the further downstream steps and, consequently, its complexity and cost. In this review, severe and gentle methods currently used for disruption or permeabilization of bacteria, yeast, and microalgae were discussed based on their principle, application, and feasibility. Also, recent studies regarding the microbial cell disruption were presented in order to facilitate the choice of the more effective method. Some factors such as cell wall composition, nature of biomolecule, purity degree, scalability, and energy input are necessary to be considered on selecting the most appropriate disruption method. The severe methods, such as high pressure-homogenization, and ultrasonication present higher yield, lower cost, and feasibility to scale-up when compared to the gentle methods. However, in order to achieve a higher recovery yield, further studies must focus on the optimization of operational parameters and on the combination of severe and gentle methods.

细菌，酵母和微藻是生物分子的来源，例如酶，脂质，色素，有机酸和用于工业应用的蛋白质。这些高附加值的生物分子通常在细胞内进行生物蓄积，其回收涉及多个下游过程，其中最关键的阶段是细胞壁的破坏。方法的选择会影响后续的后续步骤，进而影响其复杂性和成本。在这篇综述中，基于它们的原理，应用和可行性，讨论了目前用于破坏，透化细菌，酵母和微藻的严格而温和的方法。另外，最近提出了有关微生物细胞破坏的研究，以便于选择更有效的方法。一些因素，例如细胞壁组成，选择最合适的破坏方法时，必须考虑生物分子的性质，纯度，可扩展性和能量输入。与温和的方法相比，严格的方法（例如高压均质化和超声处理）具有更高的产量，更低的成本以及扩大规模的可行性。但是，为了获得更高的回收率，进一步的研究必须集中在操作参数的优化以及严格和温和方法的结合上。