BACKGROUND Loneliness is a transdiagnostic clinical phenomenon that can significantly impact mental health and well-being across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE The aim was to combine existing theory and evidence-based treatment approaches to propose a comprehensive transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral analysis of the maintenance of chronic loneliness relevant across disorders, age groups, and populations. METHOD A distillation and matching model-framework approach was taken to identify interventions designed to reduce loneliness. Eligible studies were coded for the presence of practice elements. The findings were combined with an analysis of the broader literature on loneliness and psychopathology to derive a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral analysis of the maintenance of loneliness over time across populations. RESULTS The search yielded 11 studies containing 14 practice elements with relative frequencies ranging from 7% to 64%. The identified practice elements target putative mechanisms such as negative interpersonal appraisals, anxiety, and social skills deficits. Counterproductive behavior and cognitive processes such as self-focused attention were identified as maintenance factors based on the broader literature. A modular transdiagnostic model with multiple pathways is proposed to be consistent with the existing theoretical and treatment literature. CONCLUSIONS Combining the distillation and matching model framework with existing theory from the literature is a novel approach for developing a model of factors that maintain loneliness over time. The model has varying treatment implications for different populations including children with autism spectrum disorders and bereaved older adults. Targeting transdiagnostic processes has the potential to transform interventions for loneliness across a range of formats and settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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开发用于慢性孤独感的模块化认知行为理论的通用方法。

背景技术孤独感是一种可诊断的临床现象，可在整个生命周期中显着影响心理健康和幸福感。目的目的是结合现有的理论和循证治疗方法，以提出一种综合的经诊断的行为学分析，以分析与疾病，年龄段和人群有关的慢性孤独感。方法采用提炼和匹配模型框架方法来识别旨在减少孤独感的干预措施。对符合条件的研究进行了编码，以说明存在的实践要素。这些发现与对寂寞和心理病理学的更广泛文献的分析相结合，得出了随着时间的流逝，整个人群的孤独感得以维持的综合认知行为分析。结果搜索产生11项研究，其中包含14项实践要素，相对频率范围为7％至64％。确定的实践要素以推定的机制为目标，例如负面的人际关系评估，焦虑和社交技能缺陷。根据更广泛的文献，将适得其反的行为和认知过程（如自我关注）作为维持因素。提出了具有多种途径的模块化转诊模型，以与现有的理论和治疗文献相一致。结论将提炼和匹配模型框架与文献中的现有理论相结合是一种新颖的方法，可用于建立随着时间推移保持孤独感的因素模型。该模型对不同人群的治疗意义各不相同，包括患有自闭症谱系障碍的儿童和丧亲的老年人。针对跨诊断过程，可能会改变各种格式和设置的孤独感干预措施。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。