The temperature-dependent development ofApanteles hemara(Nixon), a larval endoparasitoid of the devastating amaranth pestSpoladea recurvalis(F.) was studied in the laboratory at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C), a photoperiod of 12L:12D and a relative humidity of 60–70%. Developmental time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range of 15–30 °C. The parasitoid's pupal mortality, successful parasitism rate, adult emergence rate and longevity, sex ratio and fecundity were affected by temperature. The population ofA. hemarafailed to develop at 10 and 35 °C. The development threshold (Tmin) and the thermal constant (K) were calculated by the linear model while the lethal temperature (Tmax) was determined by the Lactin-1 model. The estimated values ofTmin,TmaxandKby the two models were 10.3 °C, 35.0 °C and 185.18 DD respectively for the total immature development. The estimated value of the optimum temperature using the Taylor model was 30.8 °C. This is the first study to report on the effect of temperature on the developmental parameters ofA. hemaragiving an insight into its biology. The implications of these findings for the use ofA. hemarain biological control are discussed.

中文翻译：

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Apanteles hemara (Nixon) (膜翅目: Braconidae) 对 Spoladea recurvalis (F.) (鳞翅目: Crambidae) 的温度依赖性发育、生存和繁殖

温度依赖性的发展番荔枝（尼克松），一种破坏性苋菜害虫的内寄生幼虫黄花菜(F.) 在实验室中在六个恒定温度（10、15、20、25、30 和 35°C）、12L:12D 的光周期和 60-70% 的相对湿度下进行了研究。在 15-30 °C 范围内，随着温度的升高，发育时间显着缩短。寄生蜂的蛹死亡率、成功寄生率、成虫成虫率和寿命、性别比和繁殖力均受温度影响。人口A. hemara未能在 10 和 35 °C 下显影。发展门槛（吨分钟) 和热常数 (ķ) 由线性模型计算，而致死温度 (吨最大限度) 由 Lactin-1 模型确定。的估计值吨分钟,吨最大限度和ķ两种模型分别为 10.3°C、35.0°C 和 185.18 DD 为总未成熟发育。使用泰勒模型的最佳温度估计值为 30.8 °C。这是第一个报告温度对发育参数影响的研究。A. hemara深入了解其生物学。这些发现对使用A. hemara在生物防治中进行了讨论。