Air pollution and dust pollution are major urban environmental issues, with road dust being a potential source and a pathway for human exposure. The developing megacities of India, where the population may spend a significant portion of their working lives close to the roadside, including consuming street food, have obvious source-pathway-receptor linkages. The aim of this study in Kolkata and Bengaluru, India, was to evaluate the risk to human health from inorganic components of road dust. Samples were collected and analysed from a cross section of urban environments for a wide range of anthropogenic and geogenic elements, some such as antimony showing an increase in response to vehicle activity. Calculated enrichment factors relative to crustal abundance demonstrated significant enrichment in common heavy metals and less commonly reported elements, e.g. molybdenum, antimony, that may be used as contaminant markers. Factor analysis gave multielement signatures associated with geography, vehicle traffic and local industry. The bio-accessibility of road dusts in terms of ingestion was determined using the BARGE method with more than 50% of zinc and lead being available in some cases. A formal human health risk assessment using the US EPA framework showed that lead in Kolkata and chromium in Bengaluru were the elements of most concern amongst chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and lead. However, the only risk combination (hazard index) shown to be significant was lead exposure to children in Kolkata. Ingestion dominated the risk pathways, being significantly greater than dermal and inhalation routes.

中文翻译：

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印度加尔各答和班加罗尔城市道路扬尘中的重金属：对人类健康的影响。

空气污染和粉尘污染是主要的城市环境问题，道路粉尘是潜在的来源和人类暴露的途径。印度的发展中特大城市，其人口可能在路边附近度过大部分的工作生活，包括食用街头食品，它们之间有着明显的源-路-受体联系。这项研究的目的是在印度加尔各答和班加罗尔，评估道路灰尘中无机成分对人体健康的危害。从城市环境的横截面中收集并分析了样本中的各种人为和地理因素，其中一些例如锑显示出对车辆活动的响应增加。计算出的相对于地壳丰度的富集因子表明，常见的重金属和不常报告的元素（例如钼，锑）可以显着富集，这些元素可以用作污染物标记。因子分析给出了与地理，车辆通行和本地工业相关的多元素签名。使用BARGE方法确定了道路灰尘在摄入方面的生物可​​及性，在某些情况下锌和铅的含量超过50％。使用美国EPA框架进行的正式人类健康风险评估显示，加尔各答的铅和班加罗尔的铬是铬，镍，铜，锌和铅中最受关注的元素。然而，唯一显着的风险组合（危险指数）是加尔各答的儿童铅暴露。摄入占主导地位的风险途径，