We evaluated the real effects of pollutants through a multi-generation study. We tested whether short-term exposure (48 h) of successive (first and second) generations of Chironomus yoshimatsui neonates (<24-h-old) to two acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides, pyraclofos, and pirimicarb, would change insecticide sensitivity and life-cycle parameters over four generations. Additionally, we tested whether acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels would be associated with this sensitivity change. Sensitivities (48 h EC50 value, using immobility as the endpoint) in chironomids (<24-h-old) and insect life-cycle parameters (the number of larvae per egg mass and adult size) were investigated. Parental chironomids produced larvae that were less sensitive than those in the control group following the two 48 h pirimicarb exposure events, whereas exposure to pyraclofos did not affect sensitivity. The AChE activity in larvae with low sensitivity to pirimicarb was significantly higher than that in the control. Thus, increased AChE activity might be associated with low sensitivity. The life-cycle parameters in chironomids recovered from the effects of pyraclofos and pirimicarb suggested they could adapt to the insecticides by changing biomass allocation. Our study suggested potential chemical risks of insecticide stress and how aquatic organisms adapt to it.

中文翻译：

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在多代研究中，吉岛希氏菌迅速适应乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂（吡草胺和吡虫威）。

我们通过多代研究评估了污染物的实际影响。我们测试了连续两个（第一代和第二代）Chishimaromus yoshimatsui新生儿（<24小时大）的短期（48小时）暴露于两种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂杀虫剂吡虫啉和吡虫威酯是否会改变杀虫剂的敏感性和生命周期参数超过四代。此外，我们测试了乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性水平是否与此敏感性变化相关。研究了手足动物（<24小时龄）的敏感性（48小时EC50值，以固定性为终点）和昆虫的生命周期参数（每卵重的幼虫数量和成虫大小）。在两次暴露于吡虫威的48小时事件中，父母手足虫产生的幼虫比对照组的敏感性低，而暴露于吡虫啉不影响敏感性。对吡虫威不敏感的幼虫的AChE活性显着高于对照组。因此，增加的AChE活性可能与低敏感性相关。从吡虫啉和吡虫威的作用中恢复的手足动物的生命周期参数表明它们可以通过改变生物量的分配来适应杀虫剂。我们的研究提出了杀虫剂胁迫的潜在化学风险以及水生生物如何适应它。从吡虫啉和吡虫威的作用中恢复的手足动物的生命周期参数表明它们可以通过改变生物量的分配来适应杀虫剂。我们的研究提出了杀虫剂胁迫的潜在化学风险以及水生生物如何适应它。从吡虫啉和吡虫威的作用中恢复的手足动物的生命周期参数表明它们可以通过改变生物量的分配来适应杀虫剂。我们的研究提出了杀虫剂胁迫的潜在化学风险以及水生生物如何适应它。