OBJECTIVES In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affiliative behaviors by imposing time-constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free-/available-time due to macaques' consumption of high-energy human foods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Southern India, we collected data on human-macaque and macaque-macaque interactions using focal-animal sampling on two groups of semi-urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human-macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. RESULTS We found strong evidence for time-constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free-time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban-dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip-smacking) and unaffected by time-constraints. We stress on the importance of evaluating human impact on inter-individual differences in primate/wildlife behavior for conservation efforts.

中文翻译：

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人为因素对引擎盖猕猴的联结行为的影响。

目的在灵长类动物中，同调他人和其他从属行为会带来很多好处，并且可能会受到许多社会生态因素的影响。其中，人为因素的影响仍然相对未被充分研究。在这里，我们要问与人类的互动是否通过施加时间限制来降低猕猴的亲属行为，还是由于猕猴对高能量人类食物的消费而导致的更多的空闲/可用时间而增加了这些行为。材料和方法在印度南部，我们使用焦点动物采样对两组半城市引擎盖猕猴进行了为期11个月的采集，收集了人类猕猴和猕猴-猕猴相互作用的数据。对于每个气候季节中的每只猕猴，我们都计算了人与猕猴相互作用的频率，监测人类活动的速率以及在人为食物上觅食的速率，优势等级，修饰持续时间，唯一修饰伙伴的数量以及其他关联互动的频率。结果我们发现了梳理时间受限的有力证据。监控人类的猕猴在较短的时间范围内会进行更多的修饰，而对伴侣的修饰则更少，而与他们的团体成员，性别，主导地位和季节无关。但是，监视人员不会影响其他从属关系。我们没有发现有关自由时间假说的证据：在人为食物上觅食与修饰和其他隶属关系无关。讨论我们的结果与其他城市居民物种/种群的最新发现一致。在这种环境下的猕猴可能特别依赖短期的其他形式的联属关系（例如，联盟支持，令人mac舌），并且不受时间限制的影响。我们强调评估保护人类对灵长类/野生动物行为的个体差异的影响的重要性。