Discovery of evolutionarily conserved, nonprotein-coding, endogenous microRNAs has induced a paradigm shift in the overall understanding of gene regulation. Now, microRNAs are considered and classified as master regulators of gene expression as they regulate a wide range of processes - gene regulation, splicing, translation and posttranscriptional modifications. Besides, dysregulated microRNAs have been related to many diseases, including Parkinson's and related disorders. Several studies proposed that differentially expressed microRNAs as a potential biomarker. So far, there is no accepted clinical diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease based on biochemical analysis of biological fluids. However, circulating microRNAs possess many vital features typical of reliable biomarkers and discriminates Parkinson's patients from healthy control with much higher sensitivity and specificity. Though they show tremendous promise as a putative biomarker, translating these research findings to clinical application is often met with many obstacles. Most of the candidate microRNAs reported as a diagnostic biomarker is not organ-specific, and their overlap is low between studies. Therefore this review aimed to highlight the challenges in the application of microRNA in guiding disease discrimination decisions and its future prospects as a diagnostic biomarker in Parkinson's Disease.

中文翻译：

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循环微RNA在帕金森氏病中的临床应用：诊断生物标志物的挑战和机遇。

进化上保守的，非蛋白质编码的内源性microRNA的发现在基因调控的整体理解中引起了范式的转变。现在，microRNA被认为是基因表达的主要调控因子，因为它们调控着广泛的过程-基因调控，剪接，翻译和转录后修饰。此外，失调的microRNA与许多疾病有关，包括帕金森氏症和相关疾病。几项研究提出差异表达的microRNA作为潜在的生物标记。迄今为止，还没有基于生物流体生化分析的帕金森氏病临床诊断测试。然而，循环微RNA具有许多可靠生物标记物所特有的重要特征，并能区分帕金森氏症。来自健康对照的患者具有更高的敏感性和特异性。尽管它们作为公认的生物标志物显示出巨大的希望，但将这些研究结果转化为临床应用常常遇到许多障碍。报告为诊断性生物标志物的大多数候选microRNA不是器官特异性的，并且在研究之间重叠很小。因此，本综述旨在突出应用microRNA指导疾病歧视决策的挑战及其作为帕金森氏病诊断生物标志物的未来前景。报告为诊断性生物标志物的大多数候选microRNA不是器官特异性的，并且在研究之间重叠很小。因此，本综述旨在突出应用microRNA指导疾病歧视决策的挑战及其作为帕金森氏病诊断生物标志物的未来前景。报告为诊断性生物标志物的大多数候选microRNA不是器官特异性的，并且在研究之间重叠很小。因此，本综述旨在突出应用microRNA指导疾病歧视决策的挑战及其作为帕金森氏病诊断生物标志物的未来前景。