Modification of the surface of titanium into titania (TiO2) nanotube (TNT) arrays was performed by electrochemical anodization to design an endoprosthesis for maxillofacial surgery. TNT arrays with different surface structures were successfully coated on titanium substrates by varying the anodizing voltages and annealed at 450 °C for 4 h. The phase composition and morphology of the nanotubes were examined by x-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The biological functions and water wettability of various surface structures were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the annealed nanotubes were composed of an anatase phase only at all applied voltages. The tube diameters and lengths increased as the voltage increased. The surfaces with modification had more wettability, cell adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition than the surfaces without modification. Finally, the results demonstrated that a modified surface of titanium to produce TNT arrays as a biomaterial is promising to design an osseointegrated surface of endoprosthesis for maxillofacial surgery.

中文翻译：

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具有二氧化钛纳米管阵列的生物活性表面改性钛设计用于颌面手术的内置假体：结构形成、形态、物理特性和骨整合。

通过电化学阳极氧化将钛表面改性为二氧化钛 (TiO2) 纳米管 (TNT) 阵列，以设计用于颌面手术的内置假体。通过改变阳极氧化电压并在 450°C 下退火 4 小时，成功地将具有不同表面结构的 TNT 阵列涂覆在钛基板上。分别通过 X 射线粉末衍射和场发射扫描电子显微镜检查纳米管的相组成和形态。还研究了各种表面结构的生物学功能和水润湿性。结果表明，退火的纳米管仅在所有施加的电压下都由锐钛矿相组成。管直径和长度随着电压的增加而增加。改性后的表面具有更好的润湿性、细胞粘附性、增殖、碱性磷酸酶活性和钙沉积比未经修饰的表面。最后，结果表明，钛的改性表面可生产作为生物材料的 TNT 阵列，有望设计用于颌面手术的内置假体的骨整合表面。