Movement, from foraging to migration, is known to be under the influence of the environment. The translation of environmental cues to individual movement decision making is determined by an individual’s internal state and anticipated to balance costs and benefits. General body condition, metabolic and hormonal physiology mechanistically underpin this internal state. These physiological determinants are tightly, and often genetically linked with each other and hence central to a mechanistic understanding of movement. We here synthesise the available evidence of the physiological drivers and signatures of movement and review (1) how physiological state as measured in its most coarse way by body condition correlates with movement decisions during foraging, migration and dispersal, (2) how hormonal changes underlie changes in these movement strategies and (3) how these can be linked to molecular pathways. We reveale that a high body condition facilitates the efficiency of routine foraging, dispersal and migration. Dispersal decision making is, however, in some cases stimulated by a decreased individual condition. Many of the biotic and abiotic stressors that induce movement initiate a physiological cascade in vertebrates through the production of stress hormones. Movement is therefore associated with hormone levels in vertebrates but also insects, often in interaction with factors related to body or social condition. The underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms are currently studied in few model species, and show –in congruence with our insights on the role of body condition- a central role of energy metabolism during glycolysis, and the coupling with timing processes during migration. Molecular insights into the physiological basis of movement remain, however, highly refractory. We finalise this review with a critical reflection on the importance of these physiological feedbacks for a better mechanistic understanding of movement and its effects on ecological dynamics at all levels of biological organization.

中文翻译：

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运动的生理学。

众所周知，从觅食到迁徙的运动受到环境的影响。环境线索对个人运动决策的转化是由个人的内部状态决定的，并且预计会平衡成本和收益。一般身体状况、代谢和荷尔蒙生理学在机制上支撑着这种内部状态。这些生理决定因素是紧密的，并且通常在基因上相互关联，因此对于运动的机械理解至关重要。我们在这里综合了生理驱动因素和运动特征的现有证据，并回顾了（1）通过身体状况以最粗略的方式测量的生理状态如何与觅食、迁徙和扩散过程中的运动决策相关联，（2）荷尔蒙变化如何构成基础这些运动策略的变化以及（3）如何将它们与分子途径联系起来。我们发现，良好的身体状况有利于日常觅食、分散和迁徙的效率。然而，在某些情况下，个体状况的下降会刺激分散决策。许多引起运动的生物和非生物应激源通过应激激素的产生在脊椎动物中引发生理级联反应。因此，运动与脊椎动物和昆虫的激素水平有关，通常与身体或社会状况相关的因素相互作用。目前在少数模型物种中研究了潜在的分子和生理机制，并表明——与我们对​​身体状况作用的见解一致——糖酵解过程中能量代谢的核心作用，以及迁移过程中与计时过程的耦合。然而，对运动生理基础的分子洞察仍然非常困难。我们最后对这些生理反馈的重要性进行了批判性反思，以更好地理解运动及其对生物组织各个层面的生态动力学的影响。