The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with CRISPR‐associated proteins (CRISPR‐Cas) system, found in bacteria and archaea, provides sequence‐based adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, including phages and plasmids. The oral cavity contains approximately 700 prokaryote species harboring known CRISPR‐Cas systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI, and unidentified CRISPR‐Cas systems. There is increasing evidence to suggest that different CRISPR‐Cas systems in the human oral microbiome can affect bacterial physiology through different mechanisms. Here, we review the canonical and novel functions of the CRISPR‐Cas system, including defense against the invasion of foreign mobile elements, biofilm formation, acquisition of resistance genes, DNA repair, regulation of interspecific competition and intraspecific diversification, stress responses, and gene expression regulation. Overall, the mechanisms involved in CRISPR‐Cas systems and their effects on bacterial physiology provide new insights into our understanding of the function and application of methods (including gene editing, modulation of CRISPR‐Cas by anti‐CRISPR, antimicrobials) on the oral microbiome.

中文翻译：

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口腔微生物组中的CRISPR-Cas系统：从免疫防御到生理调节。

在细菌和古细菌中发现的，具有CRISPR相关蛋白（CRISPR-Cas）系统的成簇规则间隔的短回文重复序列，可针对移动遗传元件（包括噬菌体和质粒）提供基于序列的自适应免疫。口腔包含大约700种原核生物物种，这些物种带有已知的CRISPR‐Cas系统，包括I型，II型，III型，V型和VI型以及未识别的CRISPR‐Cas系统。越来越多的证据表明，人类口腔微生物组中不同的CRISPR-Cas系统可以通过不同的机制影响细菌生理。在这里，我们回顾了CRISPR-Cas系统的规范和新颖功能，包括防御外来移动元素入侵，生物膜形成，获得抗性基因，DNA修复，种间竞争和种内多样化，应激反应和基因表达调控的调控。总体而言，CRISPR-Cas系统涉及的机制及其对细菌生理的影响为我们对口腔微生物组的功能和方法（包括基因编辑，抗CRISPR对CRISPR-Cas的调节，抗菌剂）的功能和应用的理解提供了新见解。 。