In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system, was published. Molecular genetic lineage analyses have since furthered our insight in the developmental origin of the various component parts of the heart, which currently can be unambiguously identified by their unique molecular phenotype. Moreover, genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses have driven insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of the different cardiac components. Here, we build on our previous review and provide an insight into the molecular mechanistic revelations that have forwarded the field of cardiac development. Despite the enormous advances in our knowledge over the last decade, the development of congenital cardiac malformations remains poorly understood. The challenge for the next decade will be to evaluate the different developmental processes using newly developed molecular genetic techniques to further unveil the gene regulatory networks operational during normal and abnormal cardiac development.

中文翻译：

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人类心脏的发育。


2014 年，发表了一篇广泛的综述，讨论了心脏发育的主要步骤，重点关注原代心肌和心室心肌的生长、形成以及心电系统的发育。此后，分子遗传谱系分析进一步加深了我们对心脏各个组成部分发育起源的认识，目前可以通过其独特的分子表型明确识别心脏的各个组成部分。此外，遗传、分子和细胞生物学分析促使人们深入了解不同心脏成分发育的机制。在这里，我们在之前的综述的基础上，深入了解推动心脏发育领域发展的分子机制启示。尽管过去十年我们的知识取得了巨大进步，但对先天性心脏畸形的发展仍然知之甚少。未来十年的挑战将是使用新开发的分子遗传学技术评估不同的发育过程，以进一步揭示正常和异常心脏发育过程中基因调控网络的运作。