The seed morphology of three Pseudocereal Grains (PSCg), i.e. quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd, Chenopodiaceae), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthaceae) was studied by light microscopy (LM) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (ESEM-EDS). LM was used with visible light to evaluate either unstained sections or sections stained with Azan mixture and with fluorescent light. The aim of the study was to compare the architecture of the three seeds in order to connect their morphology with nutrient localization. The Azan staining allowed for the visualization of the seed coat, the embryo - with its shoot apical meristem - and the radicle cell layers, whereas the use of fluorescent microscopy identified the cells rich in phenolic compounds. Finally, the ESEM-EDS analysis revealed that the seed coat of the quinoa was thinner than that of amaranth or buckwheat. In all PSCg, starch granules appeared to be located in large polygonal cells, surrounded by a thin cell wall. Several globoids of proteins were observed in the embryo cells. In the radicle section, the vascular bundles of the procambium were evident, while Amaranth only showed a consistent layer of calcium crystals, located between the embryo and the perysperm. The morphological differences of the three PSCg were discussed in the context of their structural resistance to processing technologies which impact on nutritional value of derived foods.

中文翻译：

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通过光学显微镜和ESEM-EDS对三种假谷物的种子进行形态分析。

通过光学显微镜和扫描显微镜（LM）研究了三种假谷物（PSCg）的种子形态，即藜麦（藜麦藜，藜科，藜科），荞麦（F草，Poly科，Poly科）和a菜（Amaranthus caudatus L.电子显微镜和能量色散光谱法（ESEM-EDS）。LM与可见光一起使用，以评估未染色的切片或用Azan混合物和荧光灯染色的切片。该研究的目的是比较这三种种子的结构，以将其形态与营养定位联系起来。进行Azan染色后，可以观察到种皮，胚芽及其分枝顶端分生组织以及胚根细胞层，而使用荧光显微镜可以鉴定出富含酚类化合物的细胞。最后，ESEM-EDS分析表明，藜麦的种皮比a菜或荞麦的种皮薄。在所有PSCg中，淀粉颗粒似乎位于大的多边形细胞中，周围是薄的细胞壁。在胚胎细胞中观察到了几种球状蛋白质。在胚根部分，可以看到胚芽的维管束，而A菜仅在胚胎和被子之间显示出一致的钙晶体层。讨论了三种PSCg在形态上对加工技术的结构抗性（会影响衍生食品的营养价值）的形态差异。ESEM-EDS分析表明，藜麦的种皮比a菜或荞麦的种皮薄。在所有PSCg中，淀粉颗粒似乎位于大的多边形细胞中，周围是薄的细胞壁。在胚胎细胞中观察到了几种球状蛋白质。在胚根部分，可以看到胚芽的维管束，而A菜仅在胚胎和被子之间显示出一致的钙晶体层。讨论了三种PSCg在形态上对加工技术的结构抗性（会影响衍生食品的营养价值）的形态差异。ESEM-EDS分析表明，藜麦的种皮比a菜或荞麦的种皮薄。在所有PSCg中，淀粉颗粒似乎位于大的多边形细胞中，周围是薄的细胞壁。在胚胎细胞中观察到了几种球状蛋白质。在胚根部分，可以看到胚芽的维管束，而A菜仅在胚胎和被子之间显示出一致的钙晶体层。讨论了三种PSCg在形态上对加工技术的结构抗性（会影响衍生食品的营养价值）的形态差异。在胚胎细胞中观察到了几种球状蛋白质。在胚根部分，可以看到胚芽的维管束，而A菜仅在胚胎和被子之间显示出一致的钙晶体层。讨论了三种PSCg在形态上对加工技术的结构抗性（会影响衍生食品的营养价值）的形态差异。在胚胎细胞中观察到了几种球状蛋白质。在胚根部分，可以看到胚芽的维管束，而A菜仅在胚胎和被子之间显示出一致的钙晶体层。讨论了三种PSCg在形态上对加工技术的结构抗性（会影响衍生食品的营养价值）的形态差异。