BACKGROUND Carapax Trionycis is the shell of the soft-shelled turtle and is rich in minerals, amino acid, peptides, and other nutrients. Current processing and consumption of soft-shelled turtle leads to the waste of huge quantities of Carapax Trionycis in the form of spent materials. In this study, the bioavailability, prebiotic activity, and physicochemical properties of Carapax Trionycis using different processing methods were investigated. The vinegar-quenched Carapax Trionycis (V-CT), fine powders (D0.18, D0.10) and superfine powders (D0.05, D0.025) of Carapax Trionycis were respectively prepared by the vinegar-quenching method, common grinding and superfine grinding method. RESULTS The average particle sizes of D0.18, D0.10, D0.05 and D0.025 were 147.82, 77.35, 36.65 and 2.24 μm, respectively. Superfine grinding changed the surface morphology of Carapax Trionycis and promoted the release of active ingredients. D0.025 had the highest polypeptide (8.15%), polysaccharide (1.21%), total free amino acid (232.36 mg/100g) and water-soluble extract contents (10.74%), and showed the highest calcium release rate (55.64%) after in vitro digestion. The apparent permeability (PAPP ) of resulting Carapax Trionycis samples in dialysis tubing model and everted intestinal sac models increased significantly with the decrease of Carapax Trionycis particle size. Furthermore, the five Carapax Trionycis samples significantly stimulated the growth of the tested probiotics and increased lactic acids production after 48h fermentation compared to the control. The Carapax Trionycis powder prepared by superfine grinding displayed better prebiotic activity than other samples as it significantly induced more proliferation of probiotic bacteria and higher production of lactic acid, as well as more release of free calcium. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that Carapax Trionycis superfine powder D0.025 had the highest active ingredient content, calcium bioavailability and prebiotic activity. Therefore, our approach of developing Carapax Trionycis superfine powder as natural calcium supplement or potential prebiotic would broaden the scope of soft-shelled turtle processing waste utilization in an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable approach in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

---

Carapax Trionycist 的生物利用度和益生元潜力，一种来自甲鱼加工的废物

背景甲壳龟是甲鱼的壳，富含矿物质、氨基酸、多肽等营养成分。目前对甲鱼的加工和消费导致以废材料的形式浪费大量甲壳虫。在这项研究中，研究了使用不同加工方法的甲壳虫的生物利用度、益生元活性和理化特性。采用醋淬法、普通研磨法分别制备了醋淬甲鱼(V-CT)、细粉(D0.18、D0.10)和超细粉(D0.05、D0.025)。和超细研磨法。结果 D0.18、D0.10、D0.05和D0.025的平均粒径分别为147.82、77.35、36.65和2.24 μm。超细研磨改变了甲壳虫的表面形态，促进了活性成分的释放。D0.025的多肽（8.15%）、多糖（1.21%）、游离氨基酸总量（232.36 mg/100g）和水溶性提取物含量最高（10.74%），钙释放率最高（55.64%）体外消化后。随着Carapax Trionycis粒径的减小，透析管模型和外翻肠囊模型中所得Carapax Trionycis样品的表观渗透率（PAPP）显着增加。此外，与对照相比，五个 Carapax Trionycis 样品在 48 小时发酵后显着刺激了测试益生菌的生长并增加了乳酸产量。超细研磨制备的甲壳灵粉末比其他样品显示出更好的益生元活性，因为它显着诱导了更多的益生菌增殖和更高的乳酸产量，以及更多的游离钙释放。结论结果表明甲壳虫超细粉D0.025具有最高的活性成分含量、钙生物利用度和益生元活性。因此，我们将甲鱼 Trionycis 超细粉开发为天然钙补充剂或潜在益生元的方法将在未来以环保、成本效益和可持续的方式扩大甲鱼加工废物利用的范围。本文受版权保护。版权所有。