ABSTRACT

Biological waste from marine sources is discarded into various water bodies which leads to dramatic increase in the water pollution near coastal areas. This animal waste consists of bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids, and chitin which can be used in agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors. The aim of the current study was to extract chitosan (CS) from the discarded shells of Carinosquilla multicarinata and prepare anti–inflammatory drug diclofenac potassium (DP) encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (DP-CSNPs). The CS was extracted, purified and physicochemical and morphological properties were characterized such as viscosity (1.44cPs), molecular weight (~57 kDa), degree of deacetylation (83%). The DP-CSNPs were prepared by ionic gelation of extracted chitosan with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anions by varying chitosan, TPP, and drug concentrations. SEM imaging showed that DP-CSNPs were nano-sized (248 nm) along with small, spherical, and uniformity in shape. The endothermic peak appeared at 180°C while performing the thermal analysis of DP-CSNPs by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were determined for all combinations while maximum EE (79.42%), LC (42.08%), and +0.00459 mV for Zeta potential were found for nanoparticles synthesized from CS with 2.5mg/mL concentration and 1mg/mL of TPP and drug concentrations. Moreover, in vitro drug release study was performed at simulated biological fluid (pH 7.4) and at 10th hr maximum (80%) of the drug was released from DP-CSNPs. Therefore, this waste source would be a better model system for the drug release.

Implications: Dumping of marine waste into deep ocean has led to dramatic increase in water pollution leading to the endangerment of various oceanic animals. This discarded waste can be used sustainably for the isolation of various biopolymers into the ultimate use for human community. The work provides a detailed guide into the method of extraction of low molecular weight chitosan and preparation of nanoparticles for the delivery of anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac.

摘要

海洋来源的生物废物被丢弃到各种水体中，导致沿海地区附近的水污染急剧增加。这种动物废物由可用于农业和制药领域的生物活性化合物组成，例如脂肪酸，氨基酸和几丁质。本研究的目的是从废弃的Carinosquilla multicarinata壳中提取壳聚糖（CS）。并制备抗炎药双氯芬酸钾（DP）封装的壳聚糖纳米颗粒（DP-CSNPs）。提取CS，纯化，并表征其理化和形态学特性，例如粘度（1.44cPs），分子量（〜57 kDa），脱乙酰度（83％）。通过改变壳聚糖，TPP和药物浓度，将提取的壳聚糖与三聚磷酸根（TPP）阴离子进行离子凝胶化，从而制备DP-CSNP。SEM图像显示，DP-CSNPs为纳米级（248 nm），形状小，球形且均匀。通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）对DP-CSNPs进行热分析时，吸热峰出现在180°C处。确定所有组合的负载能力（LC）和封装效率（EE），而最大EE（79.42％），LC（42.08％）和+0。发现由CS合成的纳米粒子具有2.5mg / mL的浓度和1mg / mL的TPP和药物浓度，Zeta电位为00459 mV。此外，在模拟生物流体（pH 7.4）下进行了体外药物释放研究，并在第10小时从DP-CSNPs释放出最大量药物（80％）。因此，该废物源将是更好的药物释放模型系统。

启示：将海洋垃圾倾倒入深海已导致水污染急剧增加，导致各种海洋动物受到威胁。这种废弃的废物可以可持续地用于将各种生物聚合物分离出来，最终用于人类社区。这项工作为提取低分子量壳聚糖和制备用于递送抗炎药双氯芬酸的纳米颗粒的方法提供了详细的指南。