BACKGROUND In the last years, there is a concern about the presence of pesticides in honey since residues of DDT and carbaryl were found in honey samples. The traditional techniques, such as chromatography, reach the required limits of detection (LOD) but are not suitable for in-situ implementation in honey packaging industry due to their high cost and the need of highly qualified staff for routine operation. Biosensors offer simplicity, low cost and easy handling for analytical purposes in food applications. RESULTS Piezoelectric immunosensors based on High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance (HFF-QCM) have been developed for detection of carbaryl and DDT in honey. The biorecognition was based on competitive immunoassays in the conjugate-coated format, using monoclonal antibodies as specific immunoreagents. The assay LODs attained by the HFF-QCM immunosensors were 0.05 μg L-1 for carbaryl and 0.24 μg L-1 for DDT, thus reaching a similar detectability to that of the usual reference techniques. The practical LODs in honey samples were 8 μg kg-1 for carbaryl and 24 μg kg-1 for DDT. The immunosensors analytical performance allow the detection of these pesticides in honey at EU regulatory levels with good accuracy (recovery percentages ranging from 94 to 130% within the working range of each pesticide standard curve) and precision (coefficients of variation in the 9-36% range). CONCLUSION The proposed immunosensor is a promising analytical tool that could be implemented for quality control in the honey packaging industry, in order to ease and to cheapen the routine pesticide analysis in this appreciated natural food. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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基于高基频石英晶体微天平（HFF-QCM）的免疫传感器检测蜂蜜中的滴滴涕和甲萘威农药

背景技术近年来，由于在蜂蜜样品中发现了滴滴涕和西维因的残留物，因此人们担心蜂蜜中是否存在杀虫剂。传统的技术，如色谱法，达到了所需的检测限（LOD），但由于成本高且需要高素质的人员进行日常操作，因此不适用于蜂蜜包装行业的原位实施。生物传感器为食品应用中的分析目的提供了简单、低成本和易于操作的特点。结果 基于高基频石英晶体微天平 (HFF-QCM) 的压电免疫传感器已被开发用于检测蜂蜜中的甲萘威和 DDT。生物识别基于偶联物包被形式的竞争性免疫测定，使用单克隆抗体作为特异性免疫试剂。HFF-QCM 免疫传感器获得的检测 LOD 对西维因为 0.05 μg L-1，对 DDT 为 0.24 μg L-1，因此达到了与常用参考技术相似的检测能力。蜂蜜样品中西维因的实际 LOD 为 8 μg kg-1，DDT 为 24 μg kg-1。免疫传感器的分析性能允许以良好的准确度（在每条农药标准曲线的工作范围内回收百分比范围为 94 到 130%）和精密度（变异系数在 9-36%范围）。结论 所提出的免疫传感器是一种很有前途的分析工具，可用于蜂蜜包装行业的质量控制，以简化和降低这种受人喜爱的天然食品中的常规农药分析的成本。本文受版权保护。版权所有。