Purpose: Muscle tendon vibration (MTV) strongly activates muscle spindles and can evoke kinaesthetic illusions. Although potentially relevant for sensorimotor rehabilitation in stroke, MTV is scarcely used in clinical practice, likely because of the absence of standardised procedures to elicit and characterise movement illusions. This work developed and validated a Standardised Kinaesthetic Illusion Procedure (SKIP) to favour the use of MTV-induced illusions in clinical settings.Materials and methods: SKIP scores were obtained in 15 individuals with chronic stroke and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts. A further 13 healthy subjects were tested to provide more data with the general population. MTV was applied over the Achilles tendon and SKIP scoring system characterised the clearness and direction of the illusions of ankle dorsiflexion movements.Results: All healthy and stroke participants perceived movement illusions. SKIP scores on the paretic side were significantly lower compared to the non paretic and healthy. Illusions were less clear and sometimes in unexpected directions with the impaired ankle, but still possible to elicit in the presence of sensorimotor deficits.Conclusions: SKIP represents an ancillary and potentially useful clinical method to elicit and characterise illusions of movements induced by MTV. SKIP could be relevant to further assess the processing of proprioceptive afferents in stroke and their potential impact on motor control and recovery. It may be used to guide therapy and improve sensorimotor recovery. Future work is needed to investigate the metrological properties of our method (reliability, responsiveness, etc.), and also the neurophysiological underpinnings of MTV-induced illusions.

中文翻译：

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一种通过肌腱振动引发和测量中风运动错觉的新方法：标准化动觉错觉程序 (SKIP)。

目的：肌腱振动 (MTV) 强烈激活肌梭并能引起动觉错觉。尽管可能与中风的感觉运动康复相关，但 MTV 很少用于临床实践，可能是因为缺乏引发和表征运动错觉的标准化程序。这项工作开发并验证了标准化动觉错觉程序 (SKIP)，以支持在临床环境中使用 MTV 诱发的错觉。 材料和方法：在 15 名慢性中风患者和 18 名年龄和性别匹配的健康同行中获得了 SKIP 评分. 对另外 13 名健康受试者进行了测试，以向一般人群提供更多数据。MTV 应用于跟腱和 SKIP 评分系统表征踝关节背屈运动错觉的清晰性和方向。结果：所有健康和中风参与者都感知到运动错觉。与非瘫痪者和健康者相比，瘫痪侧的 SKIP 分数显着降低。错觉不太清楚，有时会在脚踝受损时出现意想不到的方向，但在感觉运动缺陷的情况下仍然可能引发。结论：SKIP 代表了一种辅助的和潜在有用的临床方法，用于引发和表征由 MTV 引起的运动幻觉。SKIP 可能与进一步评估中风中本体感觉传入的处理及其对运动控制和恢复的潜在影响有关。它可用于指导治疗和改善感觉运动恢复。