Adaptive radiation plays a fundamental role in our understanding of the evolutionary process. However, the concept has provoked strong and differing opinions concerning its definition and nature among researchers studying a wide diversity of systems. Here, we take a broad view of what constitutes an adaptive radiation, and seek to find commonalities among disparate examples, ranging from plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and remote islands to lakes and continents, to better understand processes shared across adaptive radiations. We surveyed many groups to evaluate factors considered important in a large variety of species radiations. In each of these studies, ecological opportunity of some form is identified as a prerequisite for adaptive radiation. However, evolvability, which can be enhanced by hybridization between distantly related species, may play a role in seeding entire radiations. Within radiations, the processes that lead to speciation depend largely on (1) whether the primary drivers of ecological shifts are (a) external to the membership of the radiation itself (mostly divergent or disruptive ecological selection) or (b) due to competition within the radiation membership (interactions among members) subsequent to reproductive isolation in similar environments, and (2) the extent and timing of admixture. These differences translate into different patterns of species accumulation and subsequent patterns of diversity across an adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiations occur in an extraordinary diversity of different ways, and continue to provide rich data for a better understanding of the diversification of life.

中文翻译：

---

比较跨空间、时间和类群的自适应辐射


适应性辐射在我们理解进化过程中发挥着基础作用。然而，这个概念在研究各种系统的研究人员中引起了关于其定义和性质的强烈而不同的意见。在这里，我们对适应性辐射的构成有一个广泛的看法，并寻求在不同的例子之间找到共性，从植物到无脊椎动物和脊椎动物，从偏远的岛屿到湖泊和大陆，以更好地理解适应性辐射之间共享的过程。我们调查了许多群体，以评估在多种物种辐射中被认为重要的因素。在每一项研究中，某种形式的生态机会都被认为是适应性辐射的先决条件。然而，可以通过远缘物种之间的杂交来增强进化性，它可能在播种整个辐射中发挥作用。在辐射范围内，导致物种形成的过程在很大程度上取决于（1）生态变化的主要驱动因素是否是（a）辐射本身的成员外部（主要是发散性或破坏性的生态选择）或（b）由于内部竞争在类似环境中生殖隔离后的辐射成员（成员之间的相互作用），以及（2）混合的程度和时间。这些差异转化为不同的物种积累模式以及随后的适应性辐射多样性模式。适应性辐射以极其多样化的方式发生，并不断为更好地理解生命的多样化提供丰富的数据。