Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) remediation techniques using surfactants, such as enhanced pump and treat (also known as Surfactant–Enhanced Aquifer Remediation, “SEAR”) and micellar flooding provide a faster and more efficient way to recover NAPL from the subsurface. Micellar flooding is a recovery technique that relies on the ability of surfactants to mobilize the NAPL phase by reducing the interfacial tension between the aqueous phase and the NAPL. The application of micellar flooding for NAPL recovery has been limited to laboratory studies and some pilot–scale field applications primarily due to concerns that the technology might lead to uncontrolled movement of NAPL. This paper presents results from a full-scale field application of the micellar flood process designed to mobilize and recover an LNAPL (Jet fuel) from a surficial sandy aquifer located at a tank facility in western Jutland, Denmark. Phase behavior and flow experiments were conducted with field samples to identify suitable surfactant formulations. A field–scale simulation model was developed that indicated that a line–drive pattern with hydraulic control wells would be optimal for NAPL recovery. In addition to monitoring during the field implementation, monitoring was conducted immediately after and for a period of >1 year. The field implementation resulted in >90% recovery (approximately 36,000 Kg of LNAPL) based on the mass balance using laser–induced fluorescence (LIF) and chemical soil analysis (total petroleum hydrocarbon or TPH and BTEX) data. Post–surfactant flood site monitoring consisted of sampling water from multi–levels and from recovery wells. Groundwater samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). The pre–treatment and post–treatment mass discharges were also monitored, which led to a relationship between mass discharge with the mass reduction in the source zone. Also, the mass discharge Γ–model commonly used for DNAPL modeling was successfully implemented for LNAPL remediation. Studies of field applications of surfactant remediation processes are not readily available; it is especially rare to present a study of micellar flooding implementation for full-scale remediation processes.

使用表面活性剂的非水相液体（NAPL）修复技术，例如增强的泵送处理（也称为表面活性剂增强含水层修复，“ SEAR”）和胶束驱，提供了一种从地下回收NAPL的更快，更有效的方法。胶束驱油是一种回收技术，其依赖于表面活性剂通过降低水相与NAPL之间的界面张力来移动NAPL相的能力。胶束驱水在NAPL回收中的应用仅限于实验室研究和某些中试规模的现场应用，这主要是由于担心该技术可能导致NAPL的失控运动。本文介绍了胶束洪水过程的全面现场应用结果，该过程旨在从位于丹麦日德兰半岛西部坦克设施中的表层含沙含水层中动员和回收LNAPL（喷气燃料）。用现场样品进行了相行为和流动实验，以确定合适的表面活性剂配方。开发了一个现场规模的仿真模型，该模型表明带有液压控制井的管线驱动方式对于NAPL的采收是最佳的。除了在实地实施过程中进行监控外，还应在> 1年后以及超过1年的时间内立即进行监控。现场实施后，回收率> 90％（大约36％，000 Kg LNAPL）基于使用激光诱导荧光（LIF）和化学土壤分析（总石油烃或TPH和BTEX的总质量）数据的质量平衡。表面活性剂后的洪水现场监测包括从多级和回收井中取样的水。分析了地下水样品中的总石油烃（TPH）和苯，甲苯，乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）。还监测了处理前和处理后的质量排放，这导致了质量排放与源区质量减少之间的关系。此外，DNAPL建模常用的质量排放Γ模型已成功实施LNAPL修复。表面活性剂修复工艺的现场应用研究并不容易。