The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life's biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment.The general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition. The resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies.

中文翻译：

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心血管衰弱的系统发育决定因素，重点是血液动力学和动脉平滑肌细胞。

循环系统从无脊椎动物到哺乳动物的进化涉及到从开放系统到封闭的并行系统通过封闭的串联系统的转变，伴随着生命生物功能的复杂性和效率的提高。古老的心脏使无脊椎动物的血淋巴产生脉动运动波，而鱼中的串联循环仅通过内皮发生，而壁平滑肌细胞则随后出现。目前的审查集中在循环系统的演变。特别是，我们探讨了这种进化是如何发生的，以及为什么从低压的封闭，流动，纵向电导转变为流动，高压和分叉的动脉腔。这种进化的一般目的是个体器官功能的分化，通过特殊加油来支持，并支持部分代谢自主。这是通过在阻力动脉中建立活跃的收缩音来实现的，该收缩音允许通过其局部功能依赖性抑制作用来调节特定器官活动的血液供应。对粘性血流的阻力是由动脉半径的强直变化引起的摩擦力的外围增加，其随着全身性动脉血压而向后散射。因此，从血液到外膜间质的动脉压梯度在整个壁上产生血浆溶质的向外径向对流电导。这种血液动力学演变伴随着动脉壁结构的重要变化，并由平滑肌细胞功能可塑性支持。这些适应性表型变化是由于表观遗传调控，主要与机械转导有关。这些范例积极地参与了心血管疾病。