Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate myelin membranes for the rapid propagation of electrical signals along axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide metabolites to support axonal integrity and function. Differentiation of OLs from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is orchestrated by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the CNS. Disruption of this process, or OL loss in the developing or adult brain, as observed in various neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, stroke, and demyelination, results in axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and severe neurological impairments. While much is known regarding the intrinsic regulatory signals required for OL lineage cell progression in development, studies from pathological conditions highlight the importance of the CNS environment and external signals in regulating OL genesis and maturation. Here, we review the recent findings in OL biology in the context of the CNS physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on extrinsic factors that facilitate OL development and regeneration.

中文翻译：

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外在因素驱动少突胶质细胞谱系在中枢神经系统发育和损伤中的进程。

少突胶质细胞（OL）产生髓鞘膜，使电信号沿中枢神经系统（CNS）的轴突快速传播，并提供代谢产物以支持轴突的完整性和功能。OLs与少突胶质细胞祖细胞（OPCs）的分化是由CNS中的许多内在和外在因素共同策划的。在各种神经系统疾病（包括缺氧/缺血，中风和脱髓鞘）中观察到，此过程的中断或发育中或成年大脑中的OL丢失会导致轴突营养不良，神经元功能障碍和严重的神经功能障碍。尽管有关OL谱系细胞发育所需的内在调节信号的信息很多，病理条件的研究突出了中枢神经系统环境和外部信号在调节OL发生和成熟中的重要性。在这里，我们回顾了中枢神经系统生理和病理状况下OL生物学的最新发现，重点是促进OL发育和再生的外在因素。