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Identification of sex-linked markers in the sexually cryptic coco de mer: are males and females produced in equal proportions?
AoB Plants ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-18 , DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz079
Emma J Morgan 1 , Christopher N Kaiser-Bunbury 2, 3 , Peter J Edwards 1, 4 , Mathias Scharmann 1, 5 , Alex Widmer 1 , Frauke Fleischer-Dogley 6 , Chris J Kettle 1, 7
Affiliation  

Lodoicea maldivica (coco de mer) is a long-lived dioecious palm in which male and female plants are visually indistinguishable when immature, only becoming sexually dimorphic as adults, which in natural forest can take as much as 50 years. Most adult populations in the Seychelles exhibit biased sex ratios, but it is unknown whether this is due to different proportions of male and female plants being produced or to differential mortality. In this study, we developed sex-linked markers in Lodoicea using ddRAD sequencing, enabling us to reliably determine the gender of immature individuals. We screened 589 immature individuals to explore sex ratios across life stages in Lodoicea. The two sex-specific markers resulted in the amplification of male-specific bands (Lm123977 at 405 bp and Lm435135 at 130 bp). Our study of four sub-populations of Lodoicea on the islands of Praslin and Curieuse revealed that the two sexes were produced in approximately equal numbers, with no significant deviation from a 1:1 ratio before the adult stage. We conclude that sex in Lodoicea is genetically determined, suggesting that Lodoicea has a chromosomal sex determination system in which males are the heterogametic sex (XY) and females are homogametic (XX). We discuss the potential causes for observed biased sex ratios in adult populations, and the implications of our results for the life history, ecology and conservation management of Lodoicea.

中文翻译:

在性隐秘的可可分子中鉴定与性相关的标志物:雄性和雌性的产量相等吗?

马尔代夫Lodoicea maldivica是一种长寿命的雌雄异株棕榈,其中未成熟的雌雄植物在视觉上无法区分,只有成年后才变成两性,在自然森林中可能长达50年。塞舌尔大多数成年种群的性别比存在偏差,但这是由于产生的雄性和雌性植物比例不同还是死亡率不同而未知。在这项研究中,我们使用ddRAD测序开发了Lodoicea中的性相关标记,从而使我们能够可靠地确定未成熟个体的性别。我们筛选了589个未成熟个体,探讨了Lodoicea整个生命阶段的性别比。这两个性别特异性标记导致扩增了男性特异性条带(405 bp处的Lm123977和130 bp处的Lm435135)。我们对Praslin和Curieuse岛上Lodoicea的四个亚种群的研究表明,这两种性别的产量大致相等,成年前与1:1的比例无明显差异。我们得出的结论是,Lodoicea中的性别是遗传决定的,这表明Lodoicea具有染色体性别确定系统,其中雄性是异配性(XY),雌性是同配性(XX)。我们讨论了在成年人口中观察到的性别比偏见的潜在原因,以及我们的研究结果对Lodoicea的生活史,生态和保护管理的影响。我们得出的结论是,Lodoicea中的性别是遗传决定的,这表明Lodoicea具有染色体性别确定系统,其中雄性是异配性(XY),雌性是同配性(XX)。我们讨论了在成年人口中观察到的性别比偏见的潜在原因,以及我们的研究结果对Lodoicea的生活史,生态和保护管理的影响。我们得出的结论是,Lodoicea中的性别是遗传决定的,这表明Lodoicea具有染色体性别确定系统,其中雄性是异配性(XY),雌性是同配性(XX)。我们讨论了在成年人口中观察到的性别比偏见的潜在原因,以及我们的研究结果对Lodoicea的生活史,生态和保护管理的影响。
更新日期:2019-12-18
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