One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide.,Molecular Microbiology

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One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide.
Molecular Microbiology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 , DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14469
Daniela Megrian _{1,

2} , Najwa Taib _{1,

3} , Jerzy Witwinowski ₁ , Christophe Beloin ₄ , Simonetta Gribaldo ₁

Affiliation

How, when, and why the transition between cell envelopes with one membrane (Gram-positives or monoderms) and two (Gram-negative or diderms) occurred in Bacteria is a key unanswered question in evolutionary biology. Different hypotheses have been put forward, suggesting that either the monoderm or the diderm phenotype is ancestral. The existence of diderm members in the classically monoderm Firmicutes challenges the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide and provides a great opportunity to tackle the issue. In this review, we present current knowledge on the diversity of bacterial cell envelopes, including these atypical Firmicutes. We discuss how phylogenomic analysis supports the hypothesis that the diderm cell envelope architecture is an ancestral character in the Firmicutes, and that the monoderm phenotype in this phylum arose multiple times independently by loss of the outer membrane. Given the overwhelming distribution of diderm phenotypes with respect to monoderm ones, this scenario likely extends to the ancestor of all bacteria. Finally, we discuss the recent development of genetic tools for Veillonella parvula, a diderm Firmicute member of the human microbiome, which indicates it as an emerging new experimental model to investigate fundamental aspects of the diderm/monoderm transition.

中文翻译：

一两个膜？Diderm Firmicutes挑战了革兰氏阳性/革兰氏阴性的鸿沟。

在细菌中，具有一个膜（革兰氏阳性或单层皮）和两个膜（革兰氏阴性或双皮层）的细胞被膜之间的过渡如何，何时以及为什么发生是进化生物学中一个尚未解决的关键问题。提出了不同的假设，表明单性或双性表型是祖先的。经典单性别Firmicutes中存在Diderm成员，这对Gram阳性/ Gram阴性的鸿沟提出了挑战，并为解决该问题提供了绝好的机会。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了细菌细胞包膜的多样性，包括这些非典型的Firmicutes当前知识。我们讨论系统发育分析如何支持以下假设：双壁细胞包膜结构是Firmicutes中的祖先特征，并且该门的单性表型独立于外膜的损失而多次出现。考虑到干性表型相对于单一性表型的绝大多数分布，这种情况很可能扩展到所有细菌的祖先。最后，我们讨论了人类小动物的牢固的双壁虫Veillonella parvula的遗传工具的最新发展，这表明它是研究双壁/单体转换的基本方面的新兴实验模型。

更新日期：2020-03-26

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