Interactive behaviors rely on the operation of several processes allowing the control of actions, including their selection, withholding, and cancellation. The corticospinal system provides a unique route through which multiple brain circuits can exert control over bodily motor acts. In humans, the influence of these modulatory circuits on the corticospinal system can be probed using various transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols. Here, we review neural data from TMS studies at the basis of our current understanding of how diverse pathways-including intra-cortical, trans-cortical, and subcortico-cortical circuits-contribute to action control by tuning the activity of the corticospinal system. Critically, when doing so, we point out important caveats in the field that arise from the fact that these circuits, and their impact on the corticospinal system, have not been considered equivalently for action selection, withholding, and cancellation. This has led to the misleading view that some circuits or regions are specialized in specific control processes and that they produce particular modulatory changes in corticospinal excitability (e.g., generic vs. specific modulation of corticospinal excitability). Hence, we point to the need for more transversal research approaches in the field of action control.

中文翻译：

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调整皮质脊髓系统：分布式脑回路如何影响人类行为。

交互行为依赖于多个流程的操作，从而可以控制动作，包括动作的选择，保留和取消。皮质脊髓系统提供了一条独特的途径，通过该途径，多个大脑回路可以控制身体的运动行为。在人类中，可以使用各种经颅磁刺激（TMS）协议来探究这些调节电路对皮质脊髓系统的影响。在这里，我们根据目前对多种途径（包括皮质内，跨皮质和皮质下皮质回路）如何通过调节皮质脊髓系统活动来促进动作控制的理解，来回顾来自TMS研究的神经数据。至关重要的是，在这样做时，我们指出了该领域中的重要警告，这些警告是由于这些电路，在选择，扣留和取消动作时，还没有等效地考虑到它们及其对皮质脊髓系统的影响。这导致了一种误导性的观点，即某些电路或区域专门用于特定的控制过程，并且它们在皮质脊髓兴奋性中产生特定的调制变化（例如，皮质脊髓兴奋性的通用调制与特定调制）。因此，我们指出在动作控制领域需要更多的横向研究方法。皮质脊髓兴奋性的特异性调节）。因此，我们指出在动作控制领域需要更多的横向研究方法。皮质脊髓兴奋性的特异性调节）。因此，我们指出在动作控制领域需要更多的横向研究方法。