Urbanization has a significant impact on abiotic and biotic factors in nature. We examined the morphometric characters of four carabid species (Abax parallelepipedus, Carabus scheidleri, Carabus violaceus, and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus) along urbanization gradients in and around the cities of Vienna (Austria) and Debrecen (Hungary). We found significant differences among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, and the length of the tibia and the elytra of the carabids studied. We also found significant differences between males and females based on the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, the femur, and the elytra. An interaction between urbanization and sex was found in the case of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, the labial palpus, the femur, and the elytra. Our findings suggested that in the cases of species from Carabini tribus the parameters of antennomers, the maxillary palpus, and the elytra could be useful for assessing the effects of urbanization because these morphometric characters responded sensitively to the environmental stress, whereas the most useful parameters are those of antennomers and the tibia for the species of Pterostichini tribus. Our findings also revealed that females are more sensitive to environmental stress than males.

中文翻译：

---

甲虫的地貌形态特征随城市化梯度的变化。

城市化对自然界中的非生物和生物因子具有重大影响。我们研究了在维也纳（奥地利）和德布勒森（匈牙利）城市及其周围地区，沿城市化梯度分布的四种腕类（Abax parallelepipedus，Carabus scheidleri，Carabus violaceus和Pterostichus oblongopunctatus）的形态特征。我们发现，在市区，郊区和农村地区，在被研究的触角，上颌骨，唇骨，胫骨长度和鞘翅的长度方面，存在显着差异。根据触角，上颌骨，唇骨，股骨和鞘翅的参数，我们还发现了男性和女性之间的显着差异。在触角狭窄者，上颌骨palpus，阴唇palpus，股骨，和鞘翅。我们的研究结果表明，在Carabini物种的物种中，人参的参数，上颌palpus和elytra可以用于评估城市化的影响，因为这些形态特征对环境压力敏感，而最有用的参数是Pterostichini贡物种类的触角动物和胫骨。我们的发现还显示，女性比男性对环境压力更敏感。而最有用的参数是翼龙属动物的触角和胫骨参数。我们的发现还显示，女性比男性对环境压力更敏感。而最有用的参数是翼龙属动物的触角和胫骨参数。我们的研究结果还表明，女性比男性对环境压力更敏感。