Pituitary tumors (PTs) are a heterogeneous group of lesions of the central nervous system that are usually benign. Most of them occur sporadically, but 5% can do so within family syndromes, usually at a young age. There are differences by sex, age, race, and genetic factors in the prevalence of different tumor cell types and clinical presentation. Functioning-PTs (FPTs) are usually diagnosed earlier than non-functioning PTs (NFPTs). However, this depends on the PT type. Headaches and visual disturbances are the most frequent mass-effect symptoms, but seizures or hydrocephalus may also occur. Pituitary apoplexy is another possible mode of presentation, and it requires special attention because of its potential severity. PTs in pregnancy, childhood, and old age present a series of clinical peculiarities that must be taken into account when evaluating these patients. Ectopic PTs (EPTs) are uncommon and share the same clinical-epidemiological data as eutopic PTs, but, depending on their location, other types of clinical manifestations may appear. Silent PTs are often detected as an incidentaloma or due to neurologic symptoms related to mass-effect. Aggressive PTs and pituitary carcinomas (PCs), which are very rare, are characterized by multiple local recurrences and metastases, respectively. This review addresses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of PTs, from the classical hormonal and mass-effect symptoms to the different rare presentations, such as pituitary apoplexy, hydrocephalus, or diabetes insipidus. Moreover, special situations of the presentation of PTs are discussed, namely, PTs in pregnancy, childhood, and the elderly, EPTs, silent and aggressive PTs, and PCs.

中文翻译：

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垂体肿瘤：流行病学和临床表现谱。

垂体瘤（PTs）是中枢神经系统病变的一组异质性病变，通常是良性的。他们中的大多数人偶发，但有5％的人可以在家庭综合症中发生，通常是在年轻的时候。在性别，年龄，种族和遗传因素方面，不同肿瘤细胞类型和临床表现的患病率存在​​差异。正常运行的PT（FPT）通常比不正常运行的PT（NFPT）更早地被诊断。但是，这取决于PT类型。头痛和视力障碍是最常见的大规模症状，但也可能发生癫痫发作或脑积水。垂体中风是另一种可能的表现方式，由于其潜在的严重性，需要特别注意。怀孕，儿童时期的PT 和老年患者在评估这些患者时必须考虑一系列的临床特点。异位PT（EPT）很少见，并且与异位PT共享相同的临床流行病学数据，但是根据其位置，可能会出现其他类型的临床表现。沉默的PT通常被检测为附带瘤或由于与质量效应相关的神经系统症状。侵袭性PT和垂体癌（PC）极为罕见，分别以多个局部复发和转移为特征。这篇综述探讨了PT的流行病学和临床表现，从经典的激素和质量效应症状到不同的罕见表现，例如垂体中风，脑积水或尿崩症。此外，还讨论了PT呈现的特殊情况，即