Groundwater quality samples from 33 wells were collected in the lower Ketar watershed (Ethiopia) to study its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. Samples were evaluated for major ions and physicochemical properties. In 58% of the samples analyzed, Ca²⁺ is the dominant cation and Na⁺ dominates the remaining 42% of the samples. Among the anions found during analyzation, HCO₃⁻ is the solo dominant ion in all the wells sampled. The order of the concentration of the major ions was Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ for the cations and HCO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Cl > NO₃⁻ for the anions. AquaChem analysis shows that Ca–HCO₃ and Na–HCO₃ are the major water types in the area. The analyses indicated that the dissolution of fluorite or fluorapatite is the possible source of the high fluoride concentration in the area. And, the interactions between water and rock and cation exchanges mainly determine the water quality. The suitability of the groundwater for use in irrigation was evaluated based on the salinity (EC), SAR, %Na, RSC, PI, KR, and the USSL Salinity diagram. The groundwater from most of the wells can be used for irrigation without any significant restriction except for a few of the wells downstream. Its suitability for domestic use was evaluated by comparing with the WHO standard limits. The parameters limiting the use of this groundwater for drinking purposes are F⁻ (94%), HCO₃⁻ (45%), and Ca²⁺ (33%). All the remaining major cations and anions complied with the WHO standard limits for drinking.

在埃塞俄比亚凯塔尔河下游流域收集了33口井的地下水水质样本，以研究其适用于家庭和灌溉目的。评价样品的主要离子和理化性质。在58％的样品中，Ca ²⁺是主要的阳离子，而Na ⁺占其余42％。在实证分析过程中发现的阴离子，HCO ₃ ^-在所有采样井独奏主要离子。主要离子的浓度的量级为Ca ²⁺  >的Na ⁺  >镁²⁺  >ķ ⁺为阳离子和HCO ₃ ^-  > SO ₄ ^2-  >氯> NO₃ ^-为阴离子。AquaChem分析表明，Ca–HCO ₃和Na–HCO ₃是该地区的主要水类型。分析表明，萤石或氟磷灰石的溶解是该区域氟化物浓度高的可能来源。而且，水与岩石之间的相互作用以及阳离子交换主要决定水质。根据盐度（EC），SAR，％Na，RSC，PI，KR和USSL盐度图评估了地下水用于灌溉的适用性。除少数几口井外，大多数井的地下水可用于灌溉，而没有任何明显的限制。通过与WHO标准限值进行比较，评估了其是否适合家庭使用。限制了这种地下水的饮用目的的参数是F ^-（94％），HCO ₃ ^-（45％），和Ca²⁺（33％）。其余所有主要阳离子和阴离子均符合WHO的饮酒标准限制。