Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) decode user’s intentions to control external devices. However, performance variations across individuals have limited their use to laboratory environments. Handedness could contribute to these variations, especially when motor imagery (MI) tasks are used for BCI control. To further understand how handedness affects BCI control, performance differences between two monozygotic twins were analysed during offline movement and MI tasks, and while twins controlled a BCI using right-hand MI. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), brain structures’ volumes, and neuropsychological tests were assessed to evaluate physiological, anatomical and psychological relationships with BCI performance. Results showed that both twins had good motor imagery and attention abilities, similar volumes on most subcortical brain structures, more pronounced event-related desynchronization elicited by the twin performing non-dominant MI, and that this twin also obtained significant higher performances with the BCI. Linear regression analysis implied a strong association between twins’ BCI performance, and more pronounced cortical activations in the contralateral hemisphere relative to hand MI. Therefore, it is possible that BCI performance was related with the ability of each twin to elicit cortical activations during hand MI, and less associated with subcortical brain structures’ volumes and neuropsychological tests.

脑机接口（BCI）可以解码用户控制外部设备的意图。但是，各个人之间的性能差异将其使用限制在实验室环境中。惯用性可能会导致这些变化，尤其是在将运动图像（MI）任务用于BCI控制时。为了进一步了解上手行为如何影响BCI控制，分析了两个单卵双胞胎在脱机运动和MI任务期间的性能差异，而双胞胎则使用右手MI控制BCI。评估了定量脑电图（qEEG），大脑结构的体积和神经心理学测试，以评估与BCI表现的生理，解剖和心理关系。结果显示，双胞胎都具有良好的运动图像和注意力，在大多数皮层下大脑结构上的体积相似，双胞胎执行非优势MI引起更明显的事件相关失步，并且该双胞胎也通过BCI获得了显着更高的性能。线性回归分析表明，双胞胎的BCI表现与相对于手MI的对侧半球的皮质激活更为明显。因此，BCI表现可能与每只双胞胎在手部MI期间诱发皮质激活的能力有关，而与皮质下大脑结构的体积和神经心理学测试的相关性较小。相对于手MI，对侧半球的皮质激活更明显。因此，BCI表现可能与每只双胞胎在手部MI期间诱发皮质激活的能力有关，而与皮质下大脑结构的体积和神经心理学测试的相关性较小。相对于手MI，对侧半球的皮质激活更明显。因此，BCI表现可能与每只双胞胎在手部MI期间诱发皮质激活的能力有关，而与皮质下大脑结构的体积和神经心理学测试的相关性较小。