Background Infant formula requires mass production by the dairy industry, with plastic and other waste and degradation of land and waterways. Millions of babies, two thirds globally, now have milk formula, with breastfeeding in dramatic decline in Asia. Economic cost externalities and commercial incentives Economic thinking clarifies that markets are not perfect - price incentives can lead to excessive and inefficient environmental damage. Market prices paid to produce or use a commodity may not reflect its true resource costs. The ongoing global transition in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) toward milk formula use makes urgent the investigation of its environmental costs, including greenhouse gas (GHG) implications. Socially vulnerable populations are also particularly exposed to climate change risks, but have the least voice and agency. The important role of public health advocacy Few question the scale of the baby food industry, especially in major food exporting countries. Breastfeeding advocacy non-government organisations have led the investigations, and exposed the inequitable vulnerabilities. A ground-breaking study in 2016 showed emissions from just six Asia Pacific countries were equivalent to 6 billion miles of car travel. Each kilogram (kg) of milk formula generated 4 kg of (carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent) greenhouse gas during production. Much of this was from unnecessary toddler formula. Recent research reveals that if looking at the full product lifecycle, including consumer use, GHG emissions per kg are actually three times higher than these pioneering estimates. Environment and health harms combined with economic evidence highlight the place for a strong public health response on this issue. Conclusion Formula feeding is a maladaptive practice in the face of contemporary global environmental and population health challenges. Breastfeeding protection, support and promotion helps to safeguard planetary and human health by minimising environmental harm. It is a beneficial response to concerns about disease burdens and climate change. Breastfeeding populations are more resilient in emergencies. Effective and cost-effective policies and interventions exist for increasing breastfeeding and reducing unnecessary use of formula. Implementing such measures presents a rare opportunity to both reduce the greenhouse gas problem and improve human nutrition, health, and health equity.

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关于奶粉碳足迹的评论：对地球健康的危害和政策影响。

背景技术婴儿配方奶粉需要乳业大量生产，需要塑料和其他废物以及土地和水道的退化。如今，全球有三分之二的数以百万计的婴儿拥有奶粉，其中亚洲的母乳喂养急剧下降。经济成本的外部性和商业激励措施经济思想澄清了市场并不完美-价格激励措施可能导致过度和无效的环境破坏。生产或使用商品所支付的市场价格可能无法反映其真实的资源成本。婴幼儿喂养（IYCF）向奶粉使用的全球过渡正在进行中，因此迫切需要调查其环境成本，包括温室气体（GHG）的影响。社会弱势群体也特别容易遭受气候变化的威胁，但话语权和影响力最小。公共卫生宣传的重要作用婴儿食品产业的规模很少有人质疑，特别是在主要食品出口国。倡导母乳喂养的非政府组织领导了调查，并揭露了不平等的脆弱性。2016年的一项突破性研究显示，仅六个亚太国家的排放量相当于60亿英里的汽车行驶里程。在生产过程中，每公斤牛奶配方奶产生4公斤（二氧化碳（CO2）当量）温室气体。其中大部分来自不必要的幼儿公式。最近的研究表明，如果考虑整个产品生命周期，包括消费者使用，则每公斤温室气体排放量实际上是这些开创性估计的三倍。环境和健康的危害与经济证据相结合，凸显了在此问题上采取强有力的公共卫生对策的位置。结论面对当代全球环境和人口健康挑战，配方奶喂养是一种适应不良的做法。母乳喂养的保护，支持和促进通过最大程度地减少环境危害来帮助维护地球和人类健康。对于对疾病负担和气候变化的担忧，这是有益的回应。母乳喂养人群在紧急情况下更有弹性。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平性提供了难得的机会。结论面对当代全球环境和人口健康挑战，配方奶喂养是一种适应不良的做法。母乳喂养的保护，支持和促进通过最大程度地减少环境危害来帮助维护地球和人类健康。对于对疾病负担和气候变化的担忧，这是有益的回应。母乳喂养人群在紧急情况下更具弹性。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平性提供了难得的机会。结论面对当代全球环境和人口健康挑战，配方奶喂养是一种适应不良的做法。母乳喂养的保护，支持和促进通过最大程度地减少环境危害来帮助维护地球和人类健康。对于对疾病负担和气候变化的担忧，这是有益的回应。母乳喂养人群在紧急情况下更有弹性。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平提供了难得的机会。支持和促进通过最大程度地减少环境危害来帮助维护地球和人类健康。对于对疾病负担和气候变化的担忧，这是有益的回应。母乳喂养人群在紧急情况下更有弹性。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平提供了难得的机会。支持和促进通过最大程度地减少环境危害来帮助维护地球和人类健康。对于对疾病负担和气候变化的担忧，这是有益的回应。母乳喂养人群在紧急情况下更有弹性。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平提供了难得的机会。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平性提供了难得的机会。存在有效和具有成本效益的政策和干预措施，以增加母乳喂养并减少不必要的配方奶粉使用。实施此类措施为减少温室气体问题并改善人类营养，健康和健康公平性提供了难得的机会。