The application of heterogeneous catalysis in biomass pyrolysis is considered as one of the most promising methods to improve bio‐oil quality by minimizing its undesirable properties (high viscosity, corrosivity, instability, etc.) and producing renewable fuels and high‐value chemicals. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass refers both to the “in situ” and “ex situ or two‐stage” upgrading. A plethora of catalytic materials have been investigated in the literature for both approaches, including conventional microporous zeolites, ordered mesoporous aluminosilicates, promoted or not with several transition metals, as well as various metal (nano)oxide catalysts with Lewis acidity. Recently, hybrid micro/mesoporous and basic materials have been also suggested exhibiting most promising results due to combined micro/mesoporosity and adequate balance of acid and basic sites. Optimum catalysts are required to retain deoxygenation, enhance yields of aromatics, and other valuable compounds (such as phenolics), while limiting coke formation. Coke formation is one of the reasons of catalyst deactivation; a very challenging issue during biomass CFP, especially using zeolites. The deactivation process is affected by many factors, including the composition of the feedstock (inorganic minerals present in the feedstock may also deposit on the catalyst), reaction conditions, and the nature/properties of the catalysts used in CFP. Precoking on the surface of zeolites or MgO deposition are among the proposed effective ways to suppress coke formation and thus, catalyst deactivation.

中文翻译：

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生物质热解蒸气向燃料和高价值化学品生产的催化提升概述

在生物质热解中应用非均相催化被认为是通过最小化其不良特性（高粘度，腐蚀性，不稳定性等）并生产可再生燃料和高价值化学品来改善生物油质量的最有前途的方法之一。生物质的催化快速热解（CFP）既指“原位”又指“异地或两阶段”升级。在文献中已经针对这两种方法研究了许多催化材料，包括常规的微孔沸石，有序介孔的铝硅酸盐（用或不用几种过渡金属促进），以及各种具有路易斯酸性的金属（纳米）氧化物。最近，由于微/中混相结合以及酸和碱位的适当平衡，还建议混合微/中微和碱性材料显示出最有希望的结果。需要最佳的催化剂来保持脱氧，提高芳烃和其他有价值的化合物（如酚醛树脂）的收率，同时限制焦炭的形成。结焦是催化剂失活的原因之一。生物质CFP尤其是使用沸石时，这是一个非常具有挑战性的问题。失活过程受许多因素影响，包括原料的组成（原料中存在的无机矿物也可能沉积在催化剂上），反应条件以及CFP中所用催化剂的性质/性质。在沸石表面上的预焦化或MgO沉积是抑制焦炭形成从而抑制催化剂失活的有效方法之一。