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Forever Jung?
Psychological Inquiry ( IF 5.581 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-03 , DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1614807
H. Clark Barrett 1
Affiliation  

Becker and Neuberg (this issue) offer a state-of-the-art evolutionary psychological account of Jungian archetypes, invoking interacting processes at three scales: the scales of moment-to-moment mental processing, individual experience and personal history, and evolutionary time. They lay out a detailed account of how these “three nested dynamics” (p. 59) might give rise to Jungian archetypes in an emergent fashion that is consistent with Jung’s own formulation in multiple ways. Becker and Neuberg show how the individual manifested archetypes that appear in our conscious cognition are concrete and perhaps individually idiosyncratic emergent tokens of an underlying process. They might be “symbolic” in form—for example, a vivid image of a menacing stranger that appears in a dream, but the processes that give rise to them are themselves subsymbolic. This echoes Jung’s own claim that these symbolic tokens are not what is inherited (genetically) but rather “the tendency to form such representations of a motif” (Jung, 1964, p. 58, as cited on p. 60). In Jung’s conception, it is these inchoate motifs and/or the tendency to form them that are the archetypes. Becker and Neuberg provide a cogent argument, updated from Jung’s original formulation via evolutionary/developmental dynamical systems theory, of how the “symbolic emerges from the subsymbolic” (p. 59). The main question that kept arising for me as I read this piece was, Why? I do not take issue with the cogency, plausibility, or esthetic appeal of Becker and Neuberg’s proposal. Rather, I wonder whether psychology truly needs a future with a refurbished Jung, or whether we can leave him and his archetypes peacefully where they were—perhaps, in themselves, a historically particular manifestation of an inchoate tendency to theorize about human universals. My question can be decomposed into several subquestions. One is the question of whether Jungian archetypes really exist. Or, to use more philosophical jargon, do Jungian archetypes qua Jungian archetypes exist? It is quite possible, for example, that the image of “hostile brethren,” to use an instance cited by Becker and Neuberg (this issue), might be a common motif across cultures. But is it really an instance of what Jung, Becker, and Neuberg are talking about, and how would we know? Becker and Neuberg do not provide an exhaustive list of archetypes—perhaps wisely—but when one looks to Jung’s own writings, one finds allusions to examples such as “the shadow, the animal, the wise old man, the anima, the animus, the mother, the child” (Jung, 1967, p. 108). Do these, and other archetypes proposed by Jung, really exist, psychologically, in people around the world? A second problem is that if we are to invoke or coin a technical term of art to refer to something, then it had better have thingness—there must be something that makes archetypes archetypes, and that distinguishes them from other things. Again, it is not particularly in doubt that people everywhere can and do, in the right circumstances, form a concept of mother and associate with it concrete imagery based on their personal experience, culturally transmitted ideas and stereotypes, and so on. But what is it that makes it an archetype? What does it have in common with “the shadow,” “the animus” (whatever those are—I feel that the tendency to manifest those must remain inchoate in me), or even, to use another of Jung’s favorite examples, “the flood”? It is important to ask how these concepts differ from, say, the concepts dog, river, and hand, which are also universal or nearly so, and likely to be associated with prototypical imagery in people based on their personal experience. For archetypes to be a useful construct, there must be a boundary that delineates them from other concepts that are culturally widespread because of the interaction of evolved mechanisms and processes of cultural transmission and individual learning (e.g., Wierzbicka, 1992). Perhaps, instead, there is merely a continuum between concepts that are parochial and historically particular (Wilshire Boulevard, Instagram, Cardi B) and those that are temporally and geographically widespread (mother, water, mountain), and between vivid symbolic imagery (lion, stapler, sandwich) and abstraction (thirty-seven, interest rate). Are archetypes themselves just a fuzzy category that sits somewhere in this continuum? There have been many attempts to deal with potential conceptual universals, including from an evolutionary perspective. In the old days (read: up to the 1980s, 1990s), the question of human psychological universals used to be handled via recourse to the concept of innateness. The notion of innate ideas can be traced back at least to Descartes, who conceptualized ideas such as God and infinity as innate. Later—and even up to the present—many psychologists have updated and invoked notions of innate concepts to explain universals in human psychological development. For example, scholars in the core knowledge school of developmental psychology, including Susan Carey and

中文翻译:

永远的荣格?

Becker 和 Neuberg(本期)提供了关于荣格原型的最先进的进化心理学解释,在三个尺度上调用了相互作用的过程:瞬间心理加工尺度、个体经验和个人历史以及进化时间. 他们详细描述了这“三个嵌套的动态”(第 59 页)如何以一种与荣格自己的多种方式一致的方式以新兴方式产生荣格原型。Becker 和 Neuberg 展示了出现在我们有意识认知中的个体表现原型如何是潜在过程的具体的,也许是个体特质的涌现标记。它们在形式上可能是“象征性的”——例如,一个出现在梦中的威胁陌生人的生动形象,但产生它们的过程本身就是亚象征性的。这与荣格自己的说法相呼应,即这些象征性标记不是遗传的(遗传),而是“形成这种母题表征的倾向”(荣格,1964 年,第 58 页,引自第 60 页)。在荣格的概念中,正是这些早期的母题和/或形成它们的倾向才是原型。Becker 和 Neuberg 提供了一个有说服力的论点,从荣格的原始公式通过进化/发展动态系统理论更新而来,关于“符号如何从子符号中出现”(第 59 页)。当我阅读这篇文章时,不断出现的主要问题是,为什么?我对 Becker 和 Neuberg 的提议的说服力、合理性或审美吸引力没有异议。相反,我想知道心理学是否真的需要一个焕然一新的荣格的未来,或者我们是否可以让他和他的原型平静地留在原地——也许,就其本身而言,这是对人类普遍性进行理论化的早期倾向的历史特殊表现。我的问题可以分解成几个子问题。一个是荣格原型是否真的存在的问题。或者,用更多的哲学术语来说,荣格原型是否存在于荣格原型中?例如,使用贝克尔和纽伯格(本期)引用的一个例子,“敌对的兄弟”的形象很可能是跨文化的共同主题。但这真的是荣格、贝克尔和纽伯格所谈论的一个例子,我们怎么知道?贝克尔和纽伯格并没有提供一份详尽的原型清单——也许是明智的——但是当人们查看荣格自己的著作时,会发现对诸如“影子、动物、聪明的老人、阿尼玛、阿尼姆斯、母亲,孩子”(荣格,1967 年,第 108 页)。这些以及荣格提出的其他原型在心理上真的存在于世界各地的人们中吗?第二个问题是,如果我们要引用或创造一个技术术语来指称某物,那么它最好具有事物性——必须有某种东西使原型成为原型,并将它们与其他事物区分开来。同样,毫无疑问,世界各地的人们都可以并且确实在适当的情况下,根据他们的个人经验、文化传播的思想和刻板印象等,形成母亲的概念并与之相关联的具体意象。但是是什么使它成为原型?它与“阴影”、“阿尼姆斯”(不管是什么——我觉得表现这些的倾向在我心里一定是早期的),或者甚至,用荣格最喜欢的另一个例子“洪水”?重要的是要问这些概念与狗、河流和手等概念有何不同,这些概念也很普遍或几乎如此,并且可能与基于个人经验的人们的原型意象相关联。为了使原型成为有用的构造,必须有一个边界,将它们与文化上广泛传播的其他概念区分开来,因为文化传播的进化机制和过程与个人学习的相互作用(例如,Wierzbicka,1992)。或许相反,在狭隘和历史特殊的概念(Wilshire Boulevard、Instagram、Cardi B)与那些在时间和地理上广泛存在的概念(母亲、水、山)之间,以及生动的象征意象(狮子、订书机,三明治)和抽象(三十七,利率)。原型本身只是一个模糊的类别,位于这个连续体的某个地方吗?已经有许多尝试处理潜在的概念普遍性,包括从进化的角度。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 利率)。原型本身只是一个模糊的类别,位于这个连续体的某个地方吗?已经有许多尝试处理潜在的概念普遍性,包括从进化的角度。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 利率)。原型本身只是一个模糊的类别,位于这个连续体的某个地方吗?已经有许多尝试处理潜在的概念普遍性,包括从进化的角度。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 原型本身只是一个模糊的类别,位于这个连续体的某个地方吗?已经有许多尝试处理潜在的概念普遍性,包括从进化的角度。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 原型本身只是一个模糊的类别,位于这个连续体的某个地方吗?已经有许多尝试处理潜在的概念普遍性,包括从进化的角度。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 包括从进化的角度来看。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 包括从进化的角度来看。在过去(阅读:直到 1980 年代、1990 年代),人类心理普遍性的问题过去常常通过求助于先天的概念来处理。先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和 先天观念的概念至少可以追溯到笛卡尔,他将上帝和无限等观念概念化为先天的。后来——甚至到现在——许多心理学家更新并援引先天概念的概念来解释人类心理发展的普遍性。例如,发展心理学核心知识流派的学者,包括Susan Carey和
更新日期:2019-04-03
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