False confessions are a contributing factor in almost 30% of DNA exonerations in the United States. Similar problems have been documented all over the world. We present a novel framework to highlight the processes through which innocent people, once misidentified as suspects, experience cumulative disadvantages that culminate in pernicious consequences. The cumulative-disadvantage framework details how the innocent suspect's naivete and the interrogator's presumption of guilt trigger a process that can lead to false confession, the aftereffects of which spread to corrupt evidence gathering, bias forensic analysis, and virtually ensure wrongful convictions at trial or through pressured false guilty pleas. The framework integrates nascent research underscoring the enduring effects of the accumulated disadvantages postconviction and even after exoneration. We synthesize findings from psychological science, corroborating naturalistic evidence, and relevant legal precedents to explain how an innocent suspect's disadvantages can accumulate through the actions of law enforcement, forensic examiners, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, juries, and appeals courts. We conclude with prescribed research directions that can lead to empirically driven reforms to address the gestalt of the multistage process.

中文翻译：

---

累积劣势：一种理解无罪如何导致自白，错误定罪及其他的心理框架。

虚假的供认是导致美国将近30％的DNA赎罪的原因。全世界已经记录了类似的问题。我们提出了一个新颖的框架，以强调无辜的人一旦被误认为犯罪嫌疑人，便会经历累积的不利条件，最终导致有害后果，这一过程得到了强调。累积不利框架详细说明了无辜嫌疑人的天真和审讯人的有罪推定如何触发可能导致虚假供认的过程，其后果扩散到腐败的证据收集，偏见法医学分析，并实际上确保了在审判中或通过以下方式的错误定罪施加虚假认罪请求。该框架整合了新生的研究，强调了定罪后甚至免除死刑后累积的不利因素的持久影响。我们综合了心理学，自然证据和相关法律先例的发现，以解释无辜嫌疑人的不利因素如何通过执法机构，法医，检察官，检察官，辩护律师，法官，陪审团和上诉法院的行动积累。我们以规定的研究方向作为总结，这些研究方向可以导致以经验为导向的改革，以解决多阶段流程的格式塔。法医，检察官，辩护律师，法官，陪审团和上诉法院。我们以规定的研究方向作为总结，这些研究方向可以导致以经验为导向的改革，以解决多阶段流程的格式塔。法医，检察官，辩护律师，法官，陪审团和上诉法院。我们以规定的研究方向作为总结，这些研究方向可以导致以经验为导向的改革，以解决多阶段流程的格式塔。