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Fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal wastewater treatment sludge
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-03 , DOI: 10.1039/c9ew01139k
Jie Yu 1, 2, 3, 4 , Anastasia Nickerson 5, 6, 7, 8 , Yalin Li 5, 6, 7, 8 , Yida Fang 5, 6, 7, 8 , Timothy J. Strathmann 5, 6, 7, 8
Affiliation  

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for recovering energy from wastewater treatment sludge in the form of liquid biofuel, but there are concerns about the fate of persistent organic contaminants sorbed to the sludge. This study monitored the fate and degradation of representative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water and sorbed to a municipal wastewater treatment sludge during HTL reactions. The yield and carbon mass content of the biocrude oil product from HTL of sludge increased with increasing reaction temperature from 260 to 300 °C and stabilized with further temperature elevation to 350 °C. Increasing temperature and reaction time also benefited PFAS transformation during the HTL process. Reaction at 350 °C for 90 min led to >99% transformation of fluorinated carboxylic acid structures (perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA; 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, 7:3 FTCA; and 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, 8:2 FTUCA), but more limited transformation was observed for sulfonic acid structures (34% degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS; 67% degradation of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, 8:2 FTS). Defluorination data indicates partial mineralization of PFAS during these reactions. Multiphase quantitative analysis shows that the majority of undegraded PFAS partitioned into the HTL biocrude oil product, demonstrating minimal release to the aqueous and solid products, but also indicating the need for monitoring and further purification when upgrading the biocrude oil.

中文翻译:

全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)在城市污水处理污泥的水热液化过程中的去向

水热液化(HTL)是一种有前途的技术,可以以液体生物燃料的形式从废水处理污泥中回收能量,但是人们对吸附到污泥中的持久性有机污染物的命运感到担忧。这项研究监测了HTL反应过程中代表性全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的命运和降解,并吸附到市政废水处理污泥中。污泥HTL产生的生物原油产品的收率和碳质量含量随反应温度从260升高至300°C而增加,并随着温度进一步升高至350°C而稳定。在HTL过程中,温度和反应时间的增加也有利于PFAS的转化。在350°C下反应90分钟,导致> 氟化羧酸结构(全氟辛酸,PFOA; 7:3含氟调聚物羧酸,7:3 FTCA;和8:2含氟调聚物不饱和羧酸,8:2 FTUCA)的转化率为99%,但磺酸的转化率受到限制结构(全氟辛烷磺酸,PFOS降解34%; 8:2氟调聚物磺酸盐,8:2 FTS降解67%)。脱氟数据表明在这些反应过程中PFAS的部分矿化。多相定量分析表明,大多数未降解的PFAS均分配到HTL生物原油产品中,这表明向水和固体产品的释放极小,但也表明在升级生物原油时需要进行监测和进一步纯化。2氟调聚物不饱和羧酸,8:2 FTUCA),但对于磺酸结构观察到更有限的转化(全氟辛烷磺酸盐PFOS降解34%; 8:2氟调聚物磺酸盐8:2 FTS降解67%)。脱氟数据表明在这些反应过程中PFAS的部分矿化。多相定量分析表明,大多数未降解的PFAS均分配到HTL生物原油产品中,这表明向水和固体产品的释放极小,但也表明在升级生物原油时需要进行监测和进一步纯化。2氟调聚物不饱和羧酸,8:2 FTUCA),但对于磺酸结构观察到更有限的转化(全氟辛烷磺酸盐PFOS降解34%; 8:2氟调聚物磺酸盐8:2 FTS降解67%)。脱氟数据表明在这些反应过程中PFAS的部分矿化。多相定量分析表明,大多数未降解的PFAS均分配到HTL生物原油产品中,这表明向水和固体产品的释放极小,但也表明在升级生物原油时需要进行监测和进一步纯化。脱氟数据表明在这些反应过程中PFAS的部分矿化。多相定量分析表明,大多数未降解的PFAS均分配到HTL生物原油产品中,这表明向水和固体产品的释放极小,但也表明在升级生物原油时需要进行监测和进一步纯化。脱氟数据表明在这些反应过程中PFAS的部分矿化。多相定量分析表明,大多数未降解的PFAS均分配到HTL生物原油产品中,这表明向水和固体产品的释放极小,但也表明在升级生物原油时需要进行监测和进一步纯化。
更新日期:2020-03-03
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