Background

We aimed at reviewing design and realisation of perfusion/flow phantoms for validating quantitative perfusion imaging (PI) applications to encourage best practices.

Methods

A systematic search was performed on the Scopus database for “perfusion”, “flow”, and “phantom”, limited to articles written in English published between January 1999 and December 2018. Information on phantom design, used PI and phantom applications was extracted.

Results

Of 463 retrieved articles, 397 were rejected after abstract screening and 32 after full-text reading. The 37 accepted articles resulted to address PI simulation in brain (n = 11), myocardial (n = 8), liver (n = 2), tumour (n = 1), finger (n = 1), and non-specific tissue (n = 14), with diverse modalities: ultrasound (n = 11), computed tomography (n = 11), magnetic resonance imaging (n = 17), and positron emission tomography (n = 2). Three phantom designs were described: basic (n = 6), aligned capillary (n = 22), and tissue-filled (n = 12). Microvasculature and tissue perfusion were combined in one compartment (n = 23) or in two separated compartments (n = 17). With the only exception of one study, inter-compartmental fluid exchange could not be controlled. Nine studies compared phantom results with human or animal perfusion data. Only one commercially available perfusion phantom was identified.

Conclusion

We provided insights into contemporary phantom approaches to PI, which can be used for ground truth evaluation of quantitative PI applications. Investigators are recommended to verify and validate whether assumptions underlying PI phantom modelling are justified for their intended phantom application.

中文翻译：

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定量成像：灌注/流幻影的系统评价。

背景

我们旨在审查灌注/流模型的设计和实现，以验证定量灌注成像（PI）应用程序，以鼓励最佳实践。

方法

在Scopus数据库上进行了“灌注”，“流动”和“幻像”的系统搜索，限于1999年1月至2018年12月之间以英文撰写的文章。摘录了有关幻像设计，使用的PI和幻像应用程序的信息。

结果

在检索到的463篇文章中，摘要筛选后有397篇被拒绝，全文阅读后有32篇被拒绝。接受37篇文章的目的是解决脑（n = 11），心肌（n = 8），肝脏（n = 2），肿瘤（n = 1），手指（n = 1）和非特异性组织中的PI模拟（n = 14），具有多种模式：超声（n = 11），计算机断层扫描（n = 11），磁共振成像（n = 17）和正电子发射断层扫描（n = 2）。描述了三种幻像设计：基本（n = 6），对齐的毛细管（n= 22），并充满组织（n = 12）。微血管和组织灌注在一个隔室（n = 23）或两个分开的隔室（n = 17）中合并。除一项研究外，房间隔间的液体交换无法控制。九项研究将幻象结果与人或动物灌注数据进行了比较。仅鉴定出一种可商购的灌注体模。

结论

我们提供了有关PI的现代幻影方法的见解，这些方法可用于定量PI应用程序的地面真实性评估。建议研究人员验证和验证PI幻像建模基础的假设是否适合其预期的幻像应用。