Proteinuria is a hallmark of kidney disease. Therefore, measurement of urine protein content plays a central role in any diagnostic work-up for kidney disease. In many cases, proteinuria analysis is restricted to the measurement of total protein content knowing that very high levels of proteinuria (nephrotic proteinuria) are characteristic of glomerular disease. Still, proteinuria can also be a manifestation of impaired tubular protein reabsorption or even be physiological. This review will discuss the physiology of renal protein handling and give guidance on a more sophisticated analysis of proteinuria differentiating albumin, low-molecular weight proteins and immunoglobulins. These non-invasive tests are available in most routine clinical laboratories and may guide the clinician in the diagnostic process before ordering far more expensive (molecular genetic testing) and/or invasive (kidney biopsy) diagnostics.

中文翻译：

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蛋白尿-仔细看看！

蛋白尿是肾脏疾病的标志。因此，尿蛋白含量的测量在肾脏疾病的任何诊断检查中都起着核心作用。在许多情况下，蛋白尿的分析仅限于总蛋白含量的测量，因为知道肾小球疾病的特征是蛋白尿（肾病蛋白尿）水平很高。尽管如此，蛋白尿也可能是肾小管蛋白重吸收受损的表现，甚至是生理性的。这篇综述将讨论肾蛋白处理的生理学，并为更复杂的蛋白尿区分白蛋白，低分子量蛋白和免疫球蛋白的分析提供指导。