Abstract Global tree planting initiatives may benefit biodiversity depending on woodland type, but ecological effects must be understood when woodland replaces open habitats supporting characteristic wildlife. In the UK's temperate uplands, large-scale reforestation is replacing long-established open ‘moorland’ (heath, bog and grassland) supporting breeding bird communities of conservation importance. We quantified breeding bird species richness and abundance in 8–24 year-old native woodland plantations in Scotland and adjacent moorland and used bird densities to predict potential future abundance changes in woodland and moorland avian indicator species from recent national-level woodland creation policies. Bird species richness at point counts increased with increasing woodland cover, height and age and declined with increasing elevation. Differing abundances of bird species of conservation concern between woodland and moorland were related to their associations with vegetation measures, especially woodland cover and tree species composition. The creation of 54.9 km2 of native woodland in Scotland across 2017 and 2018 predicts reduced Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis (moorland indicator) abundance of 6214 individuals or 0.13% of current UK population, and increased Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus (indicator of young woodland) abundance of 6040 individuals or 0.13% of current UK population. Native woodland plantations comprised c34% of new woodland creation and the projections should be extended to other woodland types in particular non-native commercial conifer forestry. Native reforestation of open ground offers net gains in bird species richness but could disbenefit open-ground birds including those of conservation concern. Where retention of open-ground species is desired, landscape-scale reforestation should consider both woodland and open-ground wildlife.

中文翻译：

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在温带高地繁殖鸣禽的本地重新造林的收益和成本

摘要 根据林地类型，全球植树计划可能有益于生物多样性，但当林地取代支持特色野生动物的开放栖息地时，必须了解生态影响。在英国的温带高地，大规模的重新造林正在取代历史悠久的开放“荒地”（荒地、沼泽和草地），支持具有保护重要性的繁殖鸟类群落。我们量化了苏格兰 8-24 岁原生林地种植园和邻近沼泽地的繁殖鸟类物种丰富度和丰度，并使用鸟类密度来预测最近国家级林地创建政策中林地和沼泽地鸟类指示物种的潜在丰度变化。鸟类物种丰富度在点数上随着林地覆盖率、高度和年龄的增加而增加，并随着海拔的增加而下降。林地和沼地之间保护关注的鸟类物种的不同丰度与它们与植被措施的关联有关，尤其是林地覆盖和树种组成。2017 年和 2018 年在苏格兰创造了 54.9 平方公里的原生林地，预测 Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis（沼泽地指标）丰度减少，占当前英国人口的 0.13%，而 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus（幼林指标）丰度增加6040 个人或当前英国人口的 0.13%。原生林地人工林约占新林地创建的 34%，预测应扩展到其他林地类型，特别是非本土商业针叶林。开阔地的本地重新造林为鸟类物种丰富度带来了净收益，但可能会使包括保护问题在内的开阔地鸟类受益。在需要保留开阔地物种的地方，景观规模的重新造林应考虑林地和开阔地野生动物。