Following stent implantation and vascular injury, restenosis is one of the prominent clinical problems due to the synergism effects of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Restenosis development is accompanied by increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intimal region. The content has been obtained from PubMed database and the Google Scholar search engine through searching English-language articles (1989–2019) using keywords “Vascular injury,” “Restenosis,” “Growth factors,” “Cytokines,” and “Smooth muscle cells.” After the vascular injury, the secretion of inflammatory factors can stimulate inflammatory cells, which lead to the release of growth factors. This can stimulate the migration of VSMCs and neointimal hyperplasia, and, as a result, lead to restenosis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), often stimulate growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), which can accelerate the restenosis process. Other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the initial inflammation inhibit restenosis by affecting insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). Considering the synergism effects of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the pathogenesis of restenosis, it is expected that these factors can be used as prognostic markers with therapeutic purposes.

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炎性生长因子和支架内再狭窄：细胞因子和生长因子的影响

在支架植入和血管损伤之后，由于炎性细胞因子和生长因子的协同作用，再狭窄是突出的临床问题之一。再狭窄的发展伴随着血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）的增殖和迁移进入内膜区域。内容是通过使用关键词“血管损伤”，“再狭窄”，“生长因子”，“细胞因子”和“平滑肌细胞”搜索英语文章（1989-2019）从PubMed数据库和Google Scholar搜索引擎中获得的。 。” 血管损伤后，炎性因子的分泌可刺激炎性细胞，从而导致生长因子的释放。这会刺激VSMC迁移和新内膜增生，从而导致再狭窄。炎性细胞因子 例如转化生长因子-β（TGFβ），通常会刺激诸如血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）和成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）之类的生长因子，从而加速再狭窄过程。初始炎症中的其他细胞因子，例如肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-1（IL-1），会通过影响胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBPs）来抑制再狭窄。考虑到炎症细胞因子和生长因子在再狭窄的发病机理中的协同作用，预期这些因子可以用作治疗目的的预后标志物。初始炎症中的其他细胞因子，例如肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-1（IL-1），会通过影响胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBPs）来抑制再狭窄。考虑到炎症细胞因子和生长因子在再狭窄的发病机理中的协同作用，预期这些因子可以用作治疗目的的预后标志物。初始炎症中的其他细胞因子，例如肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-1（IL-1），会通过影响胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBPs）来抑制再狭窄。考虑到炎症细胞因子和生长因子在再狭窄的发病机理中的协同作用，预期这些因子可以用作治疗目的的预后标志物。