Structural Analysis of Sucrose-Derived Hard Carbon and Correlation with the Electrochemical Properties for Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Insertion,Chemistry of Materials

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Structural Analysis of Sucrose-Derived Hard Carbon and Correlation with the Electrochemical Properties for Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Insertion
Chemistry of Materials ( IF 7.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-03 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05235
Kei Kubota _{1,

2} , Saori Shimadzu ₁ , Naoaki Yabuuchi _{1,

2} , Satoshi Tominaka ₃ , Soshi Shiraishi ₄ , Maria Abreu-Sepulveda ₅ , Ayyakkannu Manivannan ₅ , Kazuma Gotoh _{2,

6} , Mika Fukunishi _{1,

2} , Mouad Dahbi _{1,

2} , Shinichi Komaba _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Hard carbon possesses the ability to store Li, Na, and K ions between stacked sp² carbon layers and voids (micropores). We have explored hard carbon as a candidate for negative electrode materials for Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries. Hard carbon samples have been prepared by carbonizing sucrose at different heat treatment temperatures (HTTs) in the range of 700–2000 °C to make them structurally suitable for reversible Li, Na, and K insertion. Structures and particle morphology of the hard carbon samples synthesized at different HTTs were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, pair distribution function analysis, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. All these characterizations of hard carbon samples have revealed advanced ordering of carbons and reduction of carbon defects with increasing HTT. Thus, the average stacked carbon interlayer distance decreases, the number of the stacking layers increases, the layered domains grow in the in-plane direction, and interstitial voids enlarge. Electrochemical properties of the hard carbons were examined in nonaqueous Li, Na, and K cells. Potential profiles and reversible capacities upon galvanostatic charge/discharge processes in nonaqueous cells are significantly different depending on HTTs and different alkali metal ions. On the basis of these findings, strategies to design high-capacity hard carbon negative electrodes for high-energy-density Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries are discussed.

中文翻译：

蔗糖衍生的硬碳的结构分析及其与锂，钠和钾插入的电化学性质的关系

硬碳具有在堆叠的sp ²之间存储Li，Na和K离子的能力碳层和空隙（微孔）。我们已经探索出硬碳可以用作锂离子，钠离子和K离子电池负极材料的候选材料。硬碳样品是通过在700-2000°C的不同热处理温度（HTT）下碳化蔗糖而制备的，以使其在结构上适合于可逆的Li，Na和K插入。使用X射线衍射，小角X射线散射，对分布函数分析，电子显微镜，拉曼光谱和电子自旋共振光谱系统地表征了在不同HTT合成的硬碳样品的结构和颗粒形态。硬碳样品的所有这些特征表明，随着HTT的增加，碳的高级排序和碳缺陷的减少。从而，平均堆叠碳层间距离减小，堆叠层数增加，层状畴在面内方向上生长，间隙空隙增大。在非水Li，Na和K电池中检查了硬碳的电化学性质。根据HTT和不同的碱金属离子，非水电池在恒电流充/放电过程中的电位分布和可逆容量显着不同。基于这些发现，讨论了设计用于高能量密度锂离子，钠离子和钾离子电池的高容量硬碳负极的策略。在非水Li，Na和K电池中检查了硬碳的电化学性质。根据HTT和不同的碱金属离子，非水电池在恒电流充/放电过程中的电位分布和可逆容量显着不同。基于这些发现，讨论了设计用于高能量密度锂离子，钠离子和钾离子电池的高容量硬碳负极的策略。在非水Li，Na和K电池中检查了硬碳的电化学性质。根据HTT和不同的碱金属离子，非水电池在恒电流充/放电过程中的电势分布和可逆容量显着不同。基于这些发现，讨论了设计用于高能量密度锂离子，钠离子和钾离子电池的高容量硬碳负极的策略。

更新日期：2020-04-23

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