Economic development creates challenges for land-use planners in balancing between increasing the use of natural resources and safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services. We developed and utilized multi-objective numeric optimization models to analyze the trade-offs between biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). The approach was used in the land-use planning process in northern Finland when selecting potential peat production sites as a part of the development of the regional master plan. We first quantified Net Present Value (NPV) of peat production, biodiversity, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water emissions of peatlands. Then we applied multi-objective optimization to examine the trade-offs between the variables as well as to determine a cost-efficient selection of potential peat production sites, that is, a selection which would simultaneously generate the greatest possible economic returns and environmental benefits. Our results showed that with a relatively small decrease in NPV, a substantial decrease in biodiversity loss and a reduction in water emissions compared to the benchmark level could be attained. However, a significant decrease in GHG emissions resulted in a substantial decrease in NPV. We conclude that it is possible to significantly improve land-use management by applying multi-objective optimization in land-use planning.

经济发展在增加自然资源的利用与保障生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的平衡之间给土地利用规划者带来了挑战。我们开发并利用了多目标数值优化模型来分析生物多样性与生态系统服务（BES）之间的权衡。在区域北部总体规划制定过程中，选择潜在的泥炭生产地点时，该方法已在芬兰北部的土地使用规划过程中使用。我们首先量化了泥炭生产，生物多样性，温室气体（GHG）排放和泥炭地水排放的净现值（NPV）。然后，我们应用多目标优化方法来研究变量之间的折衷，并确定潜在泥炭生产基地的经济有效选择，即 选择将同时产生最大的经济回报和环境效益的选择。我们的结果表明，与基准水平相比，NPV的减少相对较小，可以实现生物多样性损失的大幅减少和水排放的减少。但是，温室气体排放量的显着减少导致净现值大幅下降。我们得出结论，通过在土地利用规划中应用多目标优化，可以显着改善土地利用管理。温室气体排放量的显着减少导致NPV的大幅下降。我们得出结论，通过在土地利用规划中应用多目标优化，可以显着改善土地利用管理。温室气体排放量的显着减少导致NPV的大幅下降。我们得出结论，通过在土地利用规划中应用多目标优化，可以显着改善土地利用管理。