Group-based contracts are stimulated by food and agricultural development programs as powerful tools for risk-sharing. In successful groups social capital serves as a catalyst for risk prevention and knowledge sharing. It is however difficult to deal with catastrophic risk. In this paper we ask whether and how group-based contracts have been innovated to include catastrophic risk? The review shows that, albeit at early stage, innovations emerge from linking up to formal finance markets, negotiating better risk-sharing deals with upstream and downstream value chain actors, and upscaling of public-private improvement projects to joint calamity funds. These changes to group-based contracts are expected to enhance inclusion. We also identify a research agenda for risk-sharing via groups.

粮食和农业发展计划刺激了基于群体的合同，将其作为风险分担的有力工具。在成功的群体中，社会资本可以作为风险预防和知识共享的催化剂。但是，难以应对灾难性风险。在本文中，我们询问是否以及如何创新基于组的合同以包括灾难性风险？审查显示，尽管处于早期阶段，但创新始于与正规金融市场的连接，与上游和下游价值链参与者谈判更好的风险分担交易，以及将公私合营改善项目升级为联合灾难基金。基于组的合同的这些更改有望增强包容性。我们还确定了通过团体分担风险的研究议程。