The fungal kingdom comprises a hyperdiverse clade of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the presence of a chitinous cell wall, the loss of phagotrophic capabilities and cell organizations that range from completely unicellular monopolar organisms to highly complex syncitial filaments that may form macroscopic structures. Fungi emerged as a ‘Third Kingdom’, embracing organisms that were outside the classical dichotomy of animals versus vegetals. The taxonomy of this group has a turbulent history that is only now starting to be settled with the advent of genomics and phylogenomics. We here review the current status of the phylogeny and taxonomy of fungi, providing an overview of the main defined groups. Based on current knowledge, nine phylum‐level clades can be defined: Opisthosporidia, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. For each group, we discuss their main traits and their diversity, focusing on the evolutionary relationships among the main fungal clades. We also explore the diversity and phylogeny of several groups of uncertain affinities and the main phylogenetic and taxonomical controversies and hypotheses in the field.

中文翻译：

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真菌进化：真菌的多样性、分类和系统发育

真菌界包括一个高度多样化的异养真核生物进化枝，其特征是存在几丁质细胞壁，吞噬能力和细胞组织的丧失，范围从完全单细胞单极生物到高度复杂的合胞丝，可能形成宏观结构。真菌以“第三王国”的形式出现，涵盖了动物与植物的经典二分法之外的有机体。这个群体的分类有一段动荡的历史，直到现在随着基因组学和系统基因组学的出现才开始得到解决。我们在这里回顾了真菌系统发育和分类学的现状，概述了主要定义的群体。根据目前的知识，可以定义九个门级进化枝：后孢子菌门、壶菌门、新蛔虫门、芽生菌门、动物门菌门、毛霉菌门、球囊菌门、担子菌门和子囊菌门。对于每个组，我们讨论了它们的主要特征和多样性，重点是主要真菌进化枝之间的进化关系。我们还探索了几组不确定亲缘关系的多样性和系统发育以及该领域的主要系统发育和分类学争议和假设。