Abstract Pure nickel (Ni) was electrodeposited onto a copper (Cu) substrate from choline chloride–urea (1:2 molar ratio) eutectic-based ionic liquid (1:2 ChCl–urea IL) with 0–1200 mg/L additions of nicotinic acid (NA). The effect of NA on the voltammetric behavior of Ni (II) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, whilst the nucleation/growth of Ni deposits was studied by chronoamperometry. The resultant surface morphologies and microstructures of the Ni coatings were revealed by SEM/EDXS, XRD and TEM, demonstrating that NA can inhibit, hence tailor, the Ni deposition and serve as a very effective brightener producing highly uniform and smooth Ni deposits. The nucleation/growth process of Ni was not affected by the presence of NA, proceeding via three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation. NA has a profound grain refining effect with a grain size of ∼4.2 nm achievable.

中文翻译：

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通过电沉积从掺有烟酸的共晶离子液体中定制镍涂层

摘要 使用氯化胆碱-尿素（1:2 摩尔比）共晶离子液体（1:2 ChCl-尿素 IL）将纯镍 (Ni) 电沉积到铜 (Cu) 基材上，添加 0-1200 mg/L烟酸（NA）。通过循环伏安法研究了 NA 对 Ni (II) 伏安行为的影响，同时通过计时电流法研究了 Ni 沉积物的成核/生长。通过 SEM/EDXS、XRD 和 TEM 揭示了 Ni 涂层的最终表面形貌和微观结构，表明 NA 可以抑制，从而调整 Ni 沉积，并作为非常有效的光亮剂产生高度均匀和光滑的 Ni 沉积物。Ni的成核/生长过程不受NA存在的影响，通过三维瞬时成核进行。