Abstract In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone dramatic changes. On-going work has stressed the importance of treating Aquatic Critical Zones (ACZs) as a sensitive system needing intensive investigation. Here, we discuss fjords as an ACZ in the context of sedimentological, geochemical, and climatic impacts. These diverse physical features of fjords are key in controlling the sources, transport, and burial of organic matter in the modern era and over the Holocene. High sediment accumulation rates in fjord sediments allow for high-resolution records of past climate and environmental change where multiple proxies can be applied to fjord sediments that focus on either marine or terrestrial-derived components. Humans through land-use change and climatic stressors are having an impact on the larger carbon stores in fjords. Sediment delivery whether from accelerating erosion (e.g. mining, deforestation, road building, agriculture) or from sequestration of fluvial sediment behind dams has been seriously altered in the Anthropocene. Climate change affecting rainfall and river discharge into fjords will impact the thickness and extent of the low-salinity layer in the upper reaches of the fjord, slowing the rate of the overturning circulation and deep-water renewal – thereby impacting bottom water oxygen concentrations.

中文翻译：

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作为水生临界区 (ACZ) 的峡湾

摘要 近几十年来，通常定义为陆地生态系统与公海之间的界面或过渡区的陆海水生连续体发生了巨大的变化。正在进行的工作强调了将水生临界区 (ACZ) 视为需要深入调查的敏感系统的重要性。在这里，我们在沉积学、地球化学和气候影响的背景下讨论峡湾作为 ACZ。峡湾的这些不同的物理特征是控制现代和全新世有机物来源、运输和埋藏的关键。峡湾沉积物中的高沉积物积累率允许对过去的气候和环境变化进行高分辨率记录，其中多个代理可以应用于侧重于海洋或陆地衍生成分的峡湾沉积物。人类通过土地利用变化和气候压力因素对峡湾中较大的碳储存产生影响。无论是来自加速侵蚀（例如采矿、森林砍伐、道路建设、农业）还是来自大坝后面河流沉积物的沉积物输送，在人类世中都发生了严重的变化。影响降雨和河流流入峡湾的气候变化将影响峡湾上游低盐度层的厚度和范围，减缓翻转环流和深水更新的速度，从而影响底水氧浓度。农业）或大坝后面河流沉积物的封存在人类世已经发生了严重的变化。影响降雨和河流流入峡湾的气候变化将影响峡湾上游低盐度层的厚度和范围，减缓翻转环流和深水更新的速度，从而影响底水氧浓度。农业）或大坝后面河流沉积物的封存在人类世已经发生了严重的变化。影响降雨和河流流入峡湾的气候变化将影响峡湾上游低盐度层的厚度和范围，减缓翻转环流和深水更新的速度，从而影响底水氧浓度。