In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines and Malaysia are two of the most affected by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using long-term observations of HAB events, we determined if these are increasing in frequency and duration, and expanding across space in each country. Blooms of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing species in the Philippines did increase in frequency and duration during the early to mid-1990s, but have stabilized since then. However, the number of sites affected by these blooms continue to expand though at a slower rate than in the 1990s. Furthermore, the type of HABs and causative species have diversified for both toxic blooms and fish kill events. In contrast, Malaysia showed no increasing trend in the frequency of toxic blooms over the past three decades since Pyrodinium bahamense was reported in 1976. However, similar to the Philippines, other PST producers such as Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii have become a concern. No amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) has been confirmed in either Philippines or Malaysia thus far, while ciguatera fish poisoning cases are known from the Philippines and Malaysia but the causative organisms remain poorly studied. Since the 1990s and early 2000s, recognition of the distribution of other PST-producing species such as species of Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum in Southeast Asia has grown, though there has been no significant expansion in the known distributions within the last decade. A major more recent problem in the two countries and for Southeast Asia in general are the frequent fish-killing algal blooms of various species such as Prorocentrum cordatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Chattonella spp., and unarmored dinoflagellates (e.g., Karlodinium australe and Takayama sp.). These new sites affected and the increase in types of HABs and causative species could be attributed to various factors such as introduction through mariculture and eutrophication, and partly because of increased scientific awareness. These connections still need to be more concretely investigated. The link to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) should also be better understood if we want to discern how climate change plays a role in these patterns of HAB occurrences.

在东南亚地区，菲律宾和马来西亚是受有害藻华（HABs）影响最大的两个国家。通过对HAB事件的长期观察，我们确定了这些事件的频率和持续时间是否在增加，并在每个国家的整个空间中扩展。在菲律宾，产生麻痹性贝类毒素（PST）的物种的数量在1990年代初至中期确实增加了频率和持续时间，但此后一直稳定。但是，受这些水华影响的地点数量继续增长，尽管增速低于1990年代。此外，HABs的类型和致病物种对于有毒水华和杀鱼事件均已多样化。相比之下，自巴哈毕热吡啶菌以来，马来西亚在过去的三十年中没有出现有毒花朵的频率增加的趋势。据报道是在1976年。但是，与菲律宾类似，其他PST生产商，例如亚历山大亚历山大（Alexandre minutum）和亚历山大亚历山大tamiyavanichii（亚历山大亚历山大tamiyavanichii）也引起了人们的关注。迄今为止，在菲律宾或马来西亚都尚未确认健忘性贝类中毒（ASP），而菲律宾和马来西亚已知雪茄鱼中毒的病例，但对致病菌的研究仍很少。自1990年代和2000年代初以来，人们认识到其他生产PST的物种的分布，例如亚历山大和裸子藻的物种尽管过去十年来已知分布没有显着扩展，但东南亚地区的分布却有所增长。在这两个国家以及整个东南亚，最近的一个主要问题是各种鱼类的频繁杀死鱼类的藻类频繁繁殖，例如Prorocentrum cordatum，Margalefidinium polykrikoides，Chattonella spp。和无甲的鞭毛藻（例如，Karlodinium australe和Takayama）sp。）。这些新的地点受到影响，HAB和致病物种的种类增加可能归因于多种因素，例如通过海水养殖和富营养化引入，部分原因是科学意识的增强。这些连接仍然需要更具体地研究。如果我们想辨别气候变化如何在HAB发生的这些模式中发挥作用，也应该更好地理解与厄尔尼诺南方涛动（ENSO）的联系。