Abstract Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) is a highly-appreciated fungus that grows below ground during several months, undergoing a series of morphogenetic stages before it is harvested in late autumn or winter. Black truffle production in Spain has been subject to important temporal variation in recent decades. The records of the Spanish Truffle Growers Association from 1970 to 2017 were analysed using additive models to investigate the relative roles of climate, host tree growth and other environmental and human factors on the variability and trend of fruiting body production and phenology. Climatic factors largely explained the variability in annual truffle production, but not the major time trend observed in the studied period. Temperature and precipitation during fruiting body development showed the highest relationship with truffle production. Atmospheric evaporative demand during fruiting induction and temperature during maturation showed a significant relationship to how truffle production was distributed throughout the fruiting season. The relationship between truffle production and host growth was mostly explained by summer rainfall and by temperatures in several periods spanning from host tree bud burst to fruiting body ripening. The temporal trend of Spanish truffle production in the last decade reflected the recent transition from a wild harvest to an agricultural production, with an abrupt increase in annual production and a decrease in year-to-year variability. In the context of the expected evolution of regional climate according to current models, our results point to drier and warmer summer conditions as major threats to truffle production in Spain. Spring and autumn warming could induce an advance in the mean day of truffle fruiting.

中文翻译：

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西班牙黑松露产量的变化和趋势（1970-2017）：与气候、寄主生长和人为因素的联系

摘要 黑松露 (Tuber melanosporum) 是一种备受推崇的真菌，它在地下生长数月，经历了一系列形态发生阶段，然后在深秋或冬季收获。近几十年来，西班牙的黑松露产量一直受到重要的时间变化的影响。使用加法模型分析了西班牙松露种植者协会 1970 年至 2017 年的记录，以研究气候、寄主树生长和其他环境和人为因素对子实体生产和物候变化和趋势的相对作用。气候因素在很大程度上解释了松露年产量的变化，但不是研究期间观察到的主要时间趋势。子实体发育过程中的温度和降水与松露产量的关系最大。结果诱导期间的大气蒸发需求和成熟期间的温度显示出与松露产量在整个结果季的分布方式之间的显着关系。松露产量与寄主生长之间的关系主要通过夏季降雨和从寄主树芽破裂到子实体成熟的几个时期的温度来解释。过去十年西班牙松露产量的时间趋势反映了最近从野生收获到农业生产的转变，年产量突然增加，而逐年变化减少。在根据当前模型预期区域气候演变的背景下，我们的结果表明，夏季干燥和温暖是西班牙松露生产的主要威胁。春季和秋季的变暖可能会导致松露结果的平均日数提前。