Increasing temperatures resulting from climate change dramatically impact rice crop production in Asia. Depending on the specific stage of rice development, heat stress reduces tiller/panicle number, decreases grain number per plant and lower grain weight, thus negatively impacting yield formation. Hence improving rice crop tolerance to heat stress in terms of sustaining yield stability under high day temperature (HDT), high night temperature (HNT), or combined high day and night temperature (HDNT) will bolster future food security. In this review article, we highlight the phenological alterations caused by heat and the underlying molecular‐physiological and genetic mechanisms operating under different types of heat conditions (HDT, HNT, and HDNT) to understand heat tolerance. Based on our synthesis of HDT, HNT, and HDNT effects on rice yield components, we outline future breeding strategies to contribute to sustained food security under climate change.

中文翻译：

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日夜高温下的稻米产量形成-确保未来粮食安全的前提条件。

气候变化导致的气温升高极大地影响了亚洲稻米作物的生产。根据水稻发育的特定阶段，热胁迫会降低分till /穗数，降低单株籽粒数并降低籽粒重量，从而对产量形成产生负面影响。因此，就在高温（HDT），高温（HNT）或白天和夜晚的高温（HDNT）组合下维持产量稳定而言，提高水稻对热胁迫的耐受性将增强未来的粮食安全。在这篇综述文章中，我们重点介绍了由热引起的物候变化以及在不同类型的热条件（HDT，HNT和HDNT）下运行的潜在分子生理和遗传机制，以了解热耐受性。根据我们对HDT，HNT的综合，