Abstract The health burden from exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is disproportionately concentrated in low- and middle-income countries. To evaluate strategies to reduce PM2.5 exposure, the contribution of different sources, both indoor and outdoor, to overall personal PM2.5 exposure needs to be identified. Despite this, exposure to PM2.5 from indoor and outdoor origin are most often considered separately. This work presents the first application of a microenvironmental modelling approach in a sub-Saharan African city (Accra, Ghana) to estimate personal PM2.5 exposures to population groups disaggregated by gender and age and identify the key factors determining these exposures. Time-activity profiles for each population group were combined with PM2.5 concentrations estimated for three home microenvironments using a dynamic microenvironmental model, INDAIR, and for work, school and transport microenvironments using a steady-state model to estimate personal PM2.5 exposures. In Accra, cooking using charcoal, compared to liquified petroleum gas (LPG), was estimated to result in substantially higher home PM2.5 concentrations, and higher personal PM2.5 exposure for the female adult and child population groups, compared with the male population groups. In households cooking using charcoal, more than 60% of total personal PM2.5 exposure was estimated to be due to residential cooking for the child and female population groups, which reduces to less than 10% when LPG was used for cooking, with the remaining contribution from PM2.5 of outdoor origin. The key parameters to which personal PM2.5 exposure estimates are sensitive are the air exchange rate between indoor and outdoors, the kitchen volume, and charcoal emission rates. This study therefore informs on the additional data collection and measurements that could substantially enhance the parameterisation of micro-environmental models for application in low- and middle-income countries where a limited number of studies have been conducted, and improve their utility in assessing strategies to reduce personal air pollution exposure of different population groups.

中文翻译：

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加纳阿克拉个人细颗粒物暴露的微环境模型

摘要 接触细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 造成的健康负担不成比例地集中在低收入和中等收入国家。为了评估减少 PM2.5 暴露的策略，需要确定室内和室外不同来源对个人 PM2.5 总体暴露的贡献。尽管如此，最常单独考虑来自室内和室外的 PM2.5 暴露。这项工作首次在撒哈拉以南非洲城市（加纳阿克拉）应用微环境建模方法来估计个人 PM2.5 暴露于按性别和年龄分类的人群中，并确定决定这些暴露的关键因素。每个人群的时间-活动曲线与 PM2.5 相结合。使用动态微环境模型 INDAIR 估计三个家庭微环境的 5 个浓度，使用稳态模型估计个人 PM2.5 暴露的工作、学校和交通微环境的 5 个浓度。在阿克拉，与液化石油气 (LPG) 相比，使用木炭做饭据估计会导致家庭 PM2.5 浓度显着升高，与男性相比，女性成人和儿童人群的个人 PM2.5 暴露量更高组。在使用木炭做饭的家庭中，估计 60% 以上的个人 PM2.5 暴露总量是由于儿童和女性人群的住宅做饭，当使用液化石油气做饭时，这一比例降至 10% 以下，其余的来自室外源 PM2.5 的贡献。个人PM2.5的关键参数。5 暴露估计是敏感的室内和室外之间的空气交换率、厨房容积和木炭排放率。因此，这项研究提供了额外的数据收集和测量信息，这些数据收集和测量可以显着增强微环境模型的参数化，以在进行了有限数量研究的低收入和中等收入国家中应用，并提高它们在评估战略方面的效用减少不同人群的个人空气污染暴露。